全新版大学英语第二册UNIT7课件.ppt

Unit7 LearningaboutEnglish PartIPre ReadingTaskListentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions 1 Whatisthepassageabout 2 What syourimpressionoftheEnglishlanguage 3 Canyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustrate 说明 themessinessoftheEnglishlanguage 4 Canyouguesswhatthetextsinthisunitaregoingtobeabout Thefollowingwordsintherecordingmaybenewtoyou eggplantn 茄子pineapplen 菠萝hamburgern 汉堡牛肉饼 汉堡包 PartIITextASomelanguagesresisttheintroductionofnewwords Others likeEnglish seemtowelcomethem RobertMacNeillooksatthehistoryofEnglishandcomestotheconclusionthatitstoleranceforchangerepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHRobertMacNeilThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer French forexample hasonlyabout75 000words andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade TheFrench however donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatwalkmanisnotdesirable sotheyinventaword balladeur whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinstead buttheydon t Walkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisn tevenEnglish Strictlyspeaking itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct Thatdoesn tbotherus butitdoesbothertheFrench SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish Thathappytolerance thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome toaveryrealextent thefirsttrulygloballanguage HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanet morewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity I me you possession mine yours thebody eye nose mouth size tall short andnecessities food water ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo SaxonEnglish thecoreofourlanguage Usuallyshortanddirect thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions Forexample duringWorldWarII WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitler sarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel Weshallfightonthebeaches weshallfightonthelandinggrounds weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets weshallfightinthehills Weshallneversurrender VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish exceptthelast surrender whichcamefromNormanFrench Churchillcouldhavesaid Weshallnevergivein butitisoneofthelovely andpowerful opportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix foreffect differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B C Englishdidnotexist TheCelts whoinhabitedtheland spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery butthereisatheory TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown Identifyingsimilarwords linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo Europeanparentlanguage spokenuntil3500to2000B C Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow beeandwolfbutnowordforsea Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth centralEurope whereitwascold Travelingeast someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts whomCaesar sarmiesfoundin NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribes theAngles theSaxons etc thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo Saxonsociety TheAnglo Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary includingsheep ox earth wood fieldandwork Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity ItenrichedtheAnglo Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin includingangel discipleandmartyr ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk likeskyandskirt ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived andsoyoucanrearachild English orraiseachild Norse Othersuchpairssurvive wishandwant craftandskill hideandskin EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness morevariety Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066 whentheNormansconqueredEngland Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages Frenchforthenobles LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople Withthreelanguagescompeting thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething Forexample Anglo Saxonshadthewordkingly butaftertheNormans royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified greatlyenrichedlanguage MiddleEnglish withabout10 000 borrowed Frenchwords Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions likevideo televisionandcyberspace AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates Englishfounditselfwithtwosources AmericanandBritish ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905 TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself Ilikethatidea ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica TheEnglish speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage Indeed theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians languagepolice teachers writersortheintellectualelite Englishis andalwayshasbeen thetongueofthecommonman 1155words NewWordsandExpressionsmessinessn 杂乱状况messya massivea largeinscale amount ordegree大量的 大规模的 vocabularyn 词汇 量 snack n asmallmeal快餐 点心 Britain snackbar快餐柜 小吃店paraden 游行 阅兵队列hitparadeaweeklylistingofthecurrentbest sellingpoprecords流行唱片目录corrupt vt causeerrorstoappearin causetoactdishonestlyinreturnforpersonalgains讹用 使 语言 变得不标准 腐蚀 贿赂banvt forbid sth officially禁止 取缔walkmann asmallcassetteplayer随身听strictlyspeaking严格地讲 inventvt 发明inventionn fascinatinga ofgreatinterestorattraction迷人的 有极大吸引力的manufacturern 制造商productn 产品tolerancen 容忍 宽容 忍耐toa veryreal certain etc extenttothedegreespecified在 极大 某种 程度上necessityn 必需品 必要 性 Anglo Saxonn 盎格鲁 萨克逊人arousevt provoke aparticularfeelingorattitude 唤起 激起channeln 海峡 渠道 频道surrenderv givein投降virtuallyad forthemostpart almost差不多 几乎invadevt enterwitharmedforces侵入 侵略Celtn 凯尔特人 inhabit vt livein aplace 居住于Welsha n 威尔士语 的 威尔士人的 mysteryn 神秘的事物Sanskritn 梵语resemblevt belikeorsimilarto与 相似Greekn 希腊语Latinn 拉丁语systematica doneaccordingtoasystem有系统的 descendedown fromasource godown起源于 下来linguistn apersonwhostudieslanguages语言学家 Indo Europeana 印欧语系的wolfn 狼scholarn 学者establishvt causetobe setup建立 确立driftvi moveorgosomewhereinaslowcasualway漂泊 climaten anareaoraregionwith aregularpatternofweatherconditions气候 区 Germanica 日耳曼 人 的 日耳曼语的 德国 人 的 tribe n 部落pass sth onto sb handorgive sth to sb 将 传给 influencen 影响Christianityn 基督教Christiana 基督教的n 基督教徒 disciple n 信徒 门徒martyrn 殉难者 烈士Norsen 古 斯堪的纳维亚语additionn apersonorthingadded增加的人 或物 Normann a 诺曼人 的 诺曼语 的 诺曼文化的conquerv takepossessionandcontrolbyforce defeat征服kinglya 国王 般 的royala 国王或女王的 皇家的 sovereign a ofpower withoutlimit highest ofanation fullyindependent拥有最高统治权的 至高无上的 拥有主权的alternativen oneoftwoormorepossibilities供选择的东西modifyvt changeslightly修改 更改enrich vt makerichorricher improve使富裕 使丰富Renaissance n 欧洲14 16世纪的 文艺复兴translationn 译本 译文 翻译Romana 古罗马的 拉丁语的 classicn aworkofartrecognizedashavinglastingvalue经典作品capsule n 密封小容器 胶囊 航天舱habituala doneasahabit regular usual惯常的catastrophe n asuddengreatdisaster大灾难thermometern 温度计videon a 录像 的 cyberspacen thenotionalenvironmentinwhichcommunicationovercomputernetworksoccurs网络空间 虚拟空间independenta notcontrolledbyotherpeopleorthings独立的 自主的sourcen 源 来源outofcontrol失去控制 不受约束academyn 学会 学院 研究院fortunatelyad bygoodluck幸运地 幸亏putintopractice将 付诸实施 Danisha 丹麦 人 的 丹麦语的libertyn freedom自由strikeoutcreate produce创造 开创culturala oforinvolvingculture文化的nourish vt 滋养 培育preserven 独占的地区或范围 禁猎地vt keepfromharm damage etc protect save保护 保存grammariann 语法学家 intellectualn a 知识分子 的 elite n thegroupregardedasthebest 总称 出类拔萃的人 精英ProperNamesRobertMacNeil罗伯特 麦克尼尔WinstonChurchill温斯顿 丘吉尔 1874 1965 英国政治家 首相 Hitler希特勒 1889 1945 纳粹德国元首 JuliusCaesar尤利乌斯 凯撒 100 44BC 古罗马将军 政治家 Britain英国 India印度Pakistan巴基斯坦Viking 8 10世纪时劫掠欧洲西北海岸的 北欧海盗Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚England英格兰WilliamCaxton威廉 卡克斯顿 英国印刷商 翻译家 OttoJespersen奥托 叶斯柏森 1860 1943 LanguagesenseEnhancement1 Readaloudparagraphs17 19andlearnbyheart 2 Readaloudthefollowingpoem LanguagesCarlSandburyTherearen