监理规划毕业设计-外文翻译.doc

毕业设计/论文外 文 文 献 翻 译院 系 城市建设学院 专 业 班 级 工程管理0902 姓 名 孙如 原 文 出 处 工程管理专业英语 评 分 指 导 教 师 陈金洪 华中科技大学武昌分校2013年3月4日质量控制与质量保证质量控制被用来保证所设计的结构体系性能的可靠性，并达到设计预期的强度储备。要实现“质量控制”，得到“质量保证”，就必须规定所有的参与者的责任，包括业主或者产权人、设计人员、混凝土生产厂家、试验人员、施工人员和用户。人们的知识水平、培训程度和与其他人进行交流的能力决定了他们在建造混凝土结构系统的过程中，在构思、设计、施工和使用等各个阶段中工作表现的好坏。在所有的有关人员之间顺畅地传递正确的技术信息，以及让他们对所产生的问题进行控制，是质量保证达到更高水平。总之，需要有一个质量保证体系，这个体系是以对不同阶段和各个相互影响参数进行质量控制为基础的。建造一个事先设计好的系统主要需要完成五项工作：计划、设计、选择材料，施工和使用（包括维修）。这个过程由用户开始，因为项目的主要目的是满足用户的需求；过程的终点也在用户，因为用户是最终建成物的主要受益人。用户 质量保证应该满足用户的需求和权益。应当保证的影响混凝土结构最终质量的各项工作为：（1） 应该根据明确的基本要求，满足规定的工作条件、环境条件和周围边界条件；（2） 提供通过最佳设计程序得到的精确的，尺寸完备的施工；（3） 由业务熟练人员准确而有地按照在设计阶段审定的计划和图纸进行施工；（4） 系统的按照符合法规或地方法规技术要求施工。计划 为了制定能使拟建造的结构得以顺利建成的计划，需要对所有的主要工作和分项工作明确地加以规定。这可以通过将整个工程划分为由各项工作所组成的网络计划，用时间将每项工作联系起来对每项工作所提供的条件和对所获得结果进行分析，并用清单形式列出。采用这种方式，比较容易实现可以获得良好结果的决策过程。这种决策过程通常需要对下列问题作出决定：此建设工程应该具有何种功能，何时何地需要具有该功能，此结果系统将如何建造，使用者将为何人。准确地确定这些因素后，所作出的决定可以符合所需要的质量控制水平和能够达到预期的质量保证程度。设计 在设计中进行质量控制的目的是使所设计的结构系统能在使用中具有法规所要求的安全性、适用性和耐久性，并使该设计能准确地在施工图及其技术要求中表达清楚。质量控制所需要达到的等级取决于结构的种类，结构越重要，就越需要进行质量控制。最低限度的要求为，每一设计均由原设计者以外的其他工程师进行校核。由于工程施工图纸是设计过程与施工过程之间的主要联系环节，所以应该是设计质量保证的主要目标。因此，学生们应该能够熟练地阅读和理解施工图纸，并且能准确地画出设计细部示意图，才能使所建造的结构系统与实际的设计相符。选择材料 首先应该强调，钢筋混凝土等材料的质量并不能仅由抗压或抗拉强度试验决定。许多其他因素，诸如水灰比、水泥用量、徐变和收缩特性、冻融性能和其他耐久性方面的性能，都会对混凝土最终制成品的质量有一定影响。施工 施工是工程的实施阶段，应该在规定的时间限度内用最少的费用满足所有的设计和技术要求。为了得到所需要的质量保证，施工前需有细致恰当的准备阶段，这可以作为设计阶段的一部分。准备或计划阶段是非常重要的，通过它可以对各项工作以及各阶段可能发生的问题有全面的和清晰的了解。在施工阶段人的因素是最为重要的。在许多场合，施工现场的主要工作是人力的使用及其工作安排。对信息传输系统的改进，清楚地传达各项指示，对工作表现优秀的人员予以奖励等措施可以提高工作积极性，可以全面改善整个质量保证体系，并使工程的效率与费用之比达到最佳值。质量控制 为达到规范或规定对数据质量要求而采取的作业技术和措施。 这就是说，质量控制是为了通过监视质量形成过程，消除质量环上所有阶段印起不合格或不满意效果的因素。以达到质量要求，获取经济效益，而采用的各种质量作业技术和活动。在企业领域，质量控制活动主要是企业内部的生产现场管理，它与有否合同无关，是指为达到和保持质量而进行控制的技术措施和管理措施方面的活动。质量检验从属于质量控制，是质量控制的重要活动。 “作业技术”是控制手段和方法的总称，“活动”则是人们对这些作业技术的有计划、有组织的系统运用，是一种科学的质量管理方法。前者偏重于方法、工具，后者偏重于活动过程。质量控制的目的在于以预防为主，管因素保结果，确保达到规定要求，实现经济效益。质量控制的主要功能就是通过一系列作业技术和活动将各种质量变异和波动减少到最小程度。它穿于质量产生、形成和实现的全过程中。除了控制产品差异，质量控制部门还参与管理决策活动以确定质量水平。 项目质量控制目标包括以下三方面：（1） 工作质量控制目标 工作质量是指参与项目建设全过程人员，为保证项目建设质量所表现的工作水平和完善程度。该项质量控制目标可分解为：管理工作质量、政治工作质量、技术工作质量和后勤工作质量等四项。（2） 工序质量控制目标 工程项目建设全过程是通过一道道工序来完成的。每道工序的质量，必须具有满足下道工序相应要求的质量标准，工序质量必然决定产品质量。工程质量控制目标可分解为：人员、材料、机械、施工方法和施工环境等五项。 （3）产品质量控制目标 工程产品质量是指工程项目满足相关标准规定或合同约定的要求，包括在使用功能、安全及其耐久性能、环境保护等方面所有明显和隐含的能力的特性总和。 （工程管理专业英语）Quality Control And Quality Assurance Quality control assures the reliability of performance of the designed system in accordance with assumed and expected reserve strengths in the design .To exercise quality control and achieve quality assurance encompasses monitoring the roles and producer, the laboratory tester, the constructor, and the user.The reliability of performance of personnel involved in the various stages of creating a concrete structural system from conception through design, construction, and use depends on knowledge, training, and communication at all levels. A smooth flow of correct information among all participants and a shared systematic understanding of the developing problems lead to increased motivation toward improved solutions, hence improved quality control and a resulting high level of quality assurance. In summary, a quality assurance system needs to be provided based on the exercise of quality control at the various phases and interacting parameters of a total system.Construction of a designed system is governed basically by five primary tasks:planning, design, materials selection, construction, and use (including maintenance). The process stars with the user, since the principal aim of a project is to satisfy the users needs, and it culminates with the user as the primary beneficiary of the final product. The User Quality assurance is necessary to satisfy the users needs and rights. It ensures that the activities influencing the final quality of a concrete structure are:(1) Based on clearly defined fundamental requirements that satisfy the operational, environmental, and boundary conditions set for the project at the outset;(2) Properly presented in accurate, well-dimensioned engineering working drawings based on optimal design procedures;(3) Correctly and efficiently carried out by competent personnel in accordance with predetermined plans and working drawing well supervised during the design stage; (4) Systematically executed in accordance with detailed specifications that conform to the applicable codes and local regulations. Planning In order to plan the successful execution of a proposed constructed system, all main and subactivities have to be clearly defined. This is accomplished through dividing the total project into a network plan of separately defined activities, relating each activity with time, analyzing the input control and the resulting output control, and expressing these conditions in the form of a checklist. In such a manner, the successful decision-making process concerning performance requirements becomes easier to accomplish. Such a process usually entails decisions on what function needs to be accomplished in a construction project, where and when that function will be executed, how the system will be constructed, and who the user will be. Correct determination of these factors leads to a decision as to the level of quality control needed and the degree of quality assurance that is expected to result.Design Quality control in design aims at verifying that the designed system has the safety, serviceability, and durability required for the use to which the system is intended as required by the applicable codes, and that such a design is correctly presented in the working drawing and the accompanying specifications. The degree of quality control depends on the type of system to be constructed; the more important the system, the more control that is required. As a minimum, a design must always be checked by an engineer other than the originating design engineer.Since engineering working drawing are the primary link between the design process and the construction process, they should be a major object of design quality assurance. Consequently, the student has to be well acquainted with reading and interpreting working drawing and must be able to produce clear sketches that accurately express the design details if the constructed system is to reflect the actual design.Materials Selection It has to be emphasized at the outset that the quality of materials such as reinforced concrete is not determined only by compressive or tensile strength tests. Many other factors affect the quality of the finished product such as water/cement ratio, cement content, creep and shrinkage characteristics, freeze and thaw properties, and other durability aspects and conditions. Construction Construction is the execution stage of a project, which can be used to satisfy all design and specification requirements within prescribed time limits at minimum cost. To achieve the desired quality assurance, the construction phase has to be preceded by an elaborate and correct preparation stage, which can be part of the design phase. The preparation or planning phase is very critical since it gives an overall clear view of the various activities involved and the possible problems that could arise at the various phases of execution.The human factor is of major significance at the construction phase. In most instances, the major site activities involve lab force use and scheduling of its utilization. An improved information flow system, clear delineation of the chain of command, and reward for superior performance increase motivation and lead to overall improvement in the entire quality assurance system and an optimization of the efficiency/cost ratio of a project. Quality Control Norms or rules to achieve the quality requirements of data taken by the operating technologies and measures. That is to say, quality control are adopted in order to monitor the quality of the formation process, the elimination of all stages on the quality of Central India from failed or are not satisfied with the effect of factors. To meet the quality requirements, access to economic benefits and quality of operation with the various technologies and activities. Fields in the enterprise, quality control activities are enterprises within the production site management, it has nothing to do with whether the contract is to achieve and maintain quality control and technical measures and management measures for areas of activity. Quality Inspection subordinate quality control, quality control are important activities.Operation technology means and methods of control are a general term, Activity is the operation of these technologies has planned, organized use of the system is a scientific quality management practices. The former emphasis on methods, tools, and the latter focused on the activities of the process. The purpose of quality control to prevent the main factors governing the outcome of security to ensure that requirements, cost-effective implementation. The primary function of quality control is through a series of operating techniques and activities will be a variety of quality variations and to minimize the extent of fluctuations. Wear it in quality, the formation and implementation of the entire process. In addition to controlling product differentiation, quality control department is also involved in management decision-making activities in order to determine the level of quality. Project quality control objectives include the following three aspects:（1） The work of quality control objectives The quality of work are involved in the project refers to the entire process of construction personnel, project construction in order to ensure the quality of job performance l