系统功能语法ppt课件.ppt

HallidayandSystemic FunctionalGrammar II TheLondonSchool HallidayandSystemic FunctionalGrammar Halliday 1925年出生于英格兰约克郡里兹 青年时期在英国伦敦大学主修中国语言文学 获得学士学位 1947年至1949年到中国北京大学深造 导师为罗常培先生 1949年至1950为攻读现代汉语转入岭南大学 跟随王力先生学习 回国后 跟随剑桥大学弗思 Firth 教授继续攻读博士学位 1955年完成了对用中国14世纪北方官话译述的 元朝秘史 一文的语言学分析 获得剑桥大学哲学博士学位 毕业后 韩礼德先后在剑桥大学 爱丁堡大学 伦敦大学 美国印第安纳大学 耶鲁大学 布朗大学和肯尼亚内罗毕大学任教 1976年移居澳大利亚筹建悉尼大学语言学系并担任系主任 1987年12月退休 HallidaygothisBAinChineselanguageandliteratureatLondonUniversityin1947 From1947to1949hestudiesunderthesupervisionofLuoChangpeiatPekingUniversity From1949to1950hestudiedatLingnanUniversityinGuangzhou tutoredbyWangli ThenheworkedforhisPh DdegreeunderthesupervisionofFirth In1955 hefinishedhisdoctoraldissertation theLanguageoftheChineseSecretHistoryoftheMongols 元朝秘史的语言From1955onwards hetaughtlinguisticsatanumberofuniversitiesinBritainandAmerica In1975 hemovedtoAustraliaandfoundedtheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney workingtheretillhisretirementin1988 HallidayhasdevelopedtheideasstemmingfromFirth stheoriesintheLondonSchool HisSystemic FunctionalGrammarisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachandoneofthemostinfluentiallinguistictheoriesinthetwentiethcentury havinggreateffectonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage suchaslanguageteaching sociolinguistics discourseanalysis stylisticsandmachinetranslation 韩礼德的系统功能语法由系统语法和功能语法两部分组成 前者旨在说明 语言系统表现为选择关系 选择是第一性的 结构是各种选择的结果 语义是一定语境下的选择 后者旨在阐明语言的三大纯理功能 概念功能 人际功能和语篇功能 因此 系统功能语言学研究的任务在于揭示人们是如何根据社会文化语境在语言系统中通过意义潜势的选择来实现各种功能的 Systemic FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents SYSTEMICGRAMMARandFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR Theyaretwoinseparablepartsforanintegralframeworkoflinguistictheory Systemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork系统网络 ormeaningpotential意义潜势 Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystems子系统fromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices Functionalgrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction basedonthepositionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve Systemic Functionalgrammarisbasedontwofacts 1 languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction 2 languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman Thus ittakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy inoppositiontoChomsky sTGGrammarthattakestheidealspeaker slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy SystemicGrammar Asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure 语言结构中某个地方作出的一组相互排他的选择 Itisprimarilyconcernedwiththenatureandimportofthevariouschoiceswhichonemakes consciouslyorunconsciously indecidingtoutteroneparticularsentenceoutoftheinfinitelynumeroussentencesthatone slanguagemakesavailable 首先关注各种选择的本质和入列条件 一个通过从各种系统中作出有意或无意的选择 从而能从某种语言里蕴藏的无数个句子中说出某一个特定的句子 Thecentralcomponentofasystemicgrammarisachartofthefullsetofchoicesavailableinconstructingasentence withaspecificationoftherelationshipsbetweenchoices系统语法的核心部分是构建句子的一整套有效选择的图表 并且配有对不同选择之间的关系的详细说明 HallidaysuggestthatonesystemofchoicesoperatinginEnglishmainclauses TRANSITIVITY providesachoicebetween intensive内涵 and extensive外延 Iftheintensiveoptionischosen achoicecomesintoplaybetween descriptive and effective if effective ischosen thereisafurtheroppositionbetween operative and receptive intensive内涵descriptive描写effective影响operative操作receptive接受Transitivityextensive外延 Halliday ssystemicgrammarisdifferentfromotherlinguistictheoriesinthefollowingaspects Firstly itattachesgreatimportancetothesociologicalaspectsoflanguage Secondly itviewslanguageasaformofdoingratherthanaformofknowing Thirdly itgivesarelativelyhighprioritytodescriptionofthecharacteristicsofparticularlanguagesandparticularvarietiesoflanguages Fourthly itexplainsanumberofaspectsoflanguageintermsofclines 连续体 ungrammatical moreunusual lessunusual lessusual grammatical Lastly ithasthecategoriesofthesystemasitscenter AxisofChoice选择轴AxisofChain链状轴Thedimensionalongwhichtheutterancesequenceoccursistheaxisofchain 伴随着话语次序出现的维度是链状轴 thebasicpatternsalongtheverticallineformthebasisofchoice沿着纵线出现的基本模型则构成选择轴 TheaxisofchainsyntagmaticrelationstheaxisofchoiceparadigmaticrelationsAssociatedwiththeaxisofchoiceistheconceptofcontrast Theaxisofchaindealswiththesurfaceaspectsofgrammarsuchassentencestructures linguisticunits andtheirranks sentence clause group word morpheme Theaxisofchoicedealswiththemeaningaspectsofgrammar suchassystem系统anddelicacy精密度 Thesystemisalistofchoicesthatareavailableinthegrammarofalanguage Forexample thenumbersysteminEnglishcontainstwochoices singularandplural Thepersonsystemoffersthreechoices thefirstperson secondperson andthirdperson Therearealsosystemsofgender tense andmoodetc Asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose Sotheyaremeanings whichthegrammarcandistinguish Theitem项目inasystemarecalledoptions选项 Theitemsofaparticularsystemhavesomethingincommon belongingtothesameareaofmeaning Forinstance singularandpluralaredistinct buttheybothhavetodowithnumber Allsystemshavethreeessentialcharacteristics Firstly thetermsinasystemaremutuallyexclusive Theselectionofoneofthetermsmeanstherefusaloftheothers系统中的项目都有排他性 Secondly asystemisfinite系统是限定的 Itispossibletosaythatitconsistsofacertaincountablenumberofterms Thirdly themeaningofeachterminasystemdependsonthemeaningoftheothertermsinthesystem系统中每一个选项的意义取决于系统中其他选项的意义 Ifthemeaningofonetermischanged themeaningofothertermswillalsochange InEnglish wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess过程 participants参与者 andcircumstances环境成分 Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivity及物性choices Wemaydividethechoicesintosixkinds Transitivity materialprocess 物质过程 Johnkickedtheball Behavioralprocess 行为过程 Johnlaughed Mentalprocess 心理过程 JohnlikesMary Verbalprocess 言语过程 Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom Relationalprocess 关系过程 Johnisonthesofa Existentialprocess 存在过程 Thereisacatonthesofa Wedistinguishtwotypesofmaterialprocesses actionprocess动作过程andeventprocess事件过程 Theactionprocesscanbefurtherdistinguishedintointentionprocess目的过程andsuperventionprocess意外过程 Anotherkindofrelationshippossiblebetweensystems thatofsimultaneity同时性 Asystemissimultaneouswithanothersystem并存关系ifitisindependentoftheothersystem不依赖于另一系统buthasthesameentryconditions有相同的入列条件astheothersystem Whentwosystemsaresimultaneous theirtermscancombinefreely atermfromonesystemcancombinewithanytermfromtheothersystem Delicacyreferstothedimensionwhichrecognisesincreasingdepthofdetail精密度用来辨别越来越细致的细节的程度 Wecanarrangesystemsonascaleaccordingtothefinenessofthedistinction ThisscaleiscalledScaleofDelicacy我们可以把系统放在一个精细程度不同的阶上 这种阶叫精密度阶 Languageasamulti levelcodesystem inwhichonesub syetemisembeddedinanother 语言是由可供人们选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络 即意义潜势 2 FunctionalGrammar Halliday sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent thatis theinterpretationofthegrammaticalpatternsintermsofconfigurationsoffunctions用功能的配置来解释语法结构 Hebelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions 语言之所以是语言 是因为它要发挥一定的功能Inotherwords socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure对语言的社会需求帮助形成了语言的结构 Heinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage Heviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenas themasteryoflinguisticfunctions 掌握语言功能的过程 and learningalanguageislearninghowtomean Heproposessevenfunctionsinchildren smodeloflanguage theinstrumentalfunction工具功能 theregulatoryfunction控制功能 theinteractionalfunction交互功能 thepersonalfunction自指性功能 theheuristicfunction探索功能 theimaginativefunction想象功能 theinformativefunction信息功能 AccordingtoHalliday theadult slanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoservemanymorefunctions andtheoriginalfunctionalrangeofthechild slanguageisgraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions减少为一套高度字符化和抽象化的功能 whicharemetafunctions元功能 theideational概念 theinterpersonal人际 andthetextualfunctions语篇 Thesemeta functionsappearatanewlevelinthelinguisticsystem takingtheformof grammar Thegrammaticalsystemhasafunctionalinputandastructuraloutput itprovidesthemechanismofdifferentfunctionstobecombinedinoneutteranceinthewaytheadultrequires 这些元功能以 语法 的形式出现在语言系统中新的层面上 语法系统有一个功能输入和结构输出 它提供了一个机制 可以按成人的需要使不同的功能组合在一句话里 TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunction experientalandlogical istoconveynewinformation tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer概念功能包括经验和逻辑就是向听话人传递新信息 Presentinalllanguageuses theideationalfunctionisameaningpotential意义潜势 becausewhateverspecificuseoneismakingoflanguagehehastorefertocategoriesofhisexperienceoftheworld因为不论一个人如何使用语言 都必须参照自己有关世界的经验的范畴 Ideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof transitivity 及物性and voice 语态 Thewholeofthetransitivitysystemispartoftheideationalcomponent Forexample Johnbuiltanewhousecanbeanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctions不同语言功能的配置 Actor动作者 JohnProcess过程 Material物质过程 creation创造 builtGoal目标 affected受影响者 anewhouse HeretheActor Process Goal andtheirsubcategories子范畴reflectourunderstandingofphenomenathatcomewithinourexperience反映了我们对自己经验中现象的理解 Hencethisfunctionoflanguageisthatofencodingourexperienceintheformofanideationalcontent语言的这一功能就是用概念内容的形式把我们的经验编码 Theclause小句isastructuralunit anditistheonebywhichweexpressaparticularrangeofideationalmeanings ourexperienceofprocess theprocessoftheexternalworld bothconcreteandabstract andtheprocessesofourownconsciousness seeing liking thinking talkingandsoon Transitivityissimplythegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect及物性就是表现概念功能的一个语义系统 Itconsistsofsixdifferentprocesses MaterialProcess behavioralProcess MentalProcess心理过程 VerbalProcess言语过程 RelationalProcess关系过程andExistentialProcess存在过程 Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone表示做某件事的过程 Theseprocessareexpressedbyanactionverb动态动词 break beat kick anActor动作者 logicalsubject andtheGoaloftheaction动作的目标 logicaldirectobject usuallyanounorapronoun Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaas perception 感知 look see reaction 反映 like please and cognition认知 know believe convince 表示心理活动的过程 Amentalprocessinvolvestwoparticipants senser感觉者andphenomenon被感知的现象 Relationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes Attributive归属andIdentifying识别 Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas前者指某个实体具有何种属性 orwhattypeitbelongsto Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities后者指一个实体与另一个实体是统一的 Saraiswise Tomistheleader theleaderisTom ThesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintoIntensive内包式 circumstantial环境式 andPossessive所有式 Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation言语过程是交流信息的过程 Commonlyusedverbsaresay tell talk praise boast describeetc IntheseprocessesthemainparticipantsareSayer讲话者 Receiver受话者 andVerbiage讲话内容 Behavioralprocessedrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehaviorsuchasbreathing coughing smiling laughing crying staring anddreaming指诸如呼吸 咳嗽 笑 哭瞪眼 做梦等生理和心理行为过程 Generallyonlyoneparticipant Behavior oftenahumanisinvolvedinthiskindofprocesses muchliketheMentalProcess BehavioralProcessmaysometimesbehardlydistinguishedfromaMaterialProcessthathasonlyoneparticipant Thisdependsonwhethertheactivityconcernedisphysiologicalorpsychological WhenBehavioralProcesshastwoparticipants itisMaterialProcess MarykissedJohn Existentialprocessedrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens有某物存在或发生的过程 IneveryExistentialProcess thereisanExistent存在物 Thereisanewofficebuildingattheendoftheroad DoeslifeexistonMars Alongthestreettherecomesthebus TheinterpersonalFunction人际功能 Itembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations包括了表达社会和个人关系的所有语言使用 Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact包括讲话者进入话语情景并作出言语行为的所有方式 Becausetheclauseisnotconfinedtotheexpressionoftransitivity therearenon ideationalelementsintheadultlanguagesystem还有成人语言系统中的非概念成分 InterpersonalfunctionisrealisedbyMood语气andModality情态 Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee语气表示在某个情景语境中讲话者选择了何种交际角色以及它给听话人设定的角色 Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood命令 heassumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintheroleofoneexpectedtoobeyorders Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction Mood Subject主语 noun nounphrase clause Finite限定成分 auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbs must iswill Residue predicator谓语 complement补足语 Adjunct附加语AccordingtoHalliday amongthevariousspeechroles twoarethemostbasic两种最基本的言语角色 giving给予andtaking求取 wehavefourprincipalspeechroles言语功能 offer提供 command命令 statement陈述 andquestion提问 TheTextualFunction 语篇功能Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences语篇功能是指语言中有一种机制可以将任何一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章 使一个生动的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子 Althoughtwosentencesmayhaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions theymaybedifferentintermsoftextualcoherence T