高考英语阅读理解技巧之猜测词意.ppt

阅读理解技巧之猜测词意 考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求 本部分共分两节 测试考生的英语阅读理解能力 要求考生读懂书 报 杂志 网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告 说明 广告等 生词量不超过3 并能从中获取相关信息 考生应能 理解主旨要义 理解文中具体信息 根据上下文推断生词的词义 作出简单判断和理解 理解文章的基本结构 理解作者的意图和态度 Ifyoucomeacrossthenewwordswhenreading Whatwillyoudo Whatdifficultydoyouhaveinreading Howtoguessthemeaningsofwords WaystoGuesstheWords 一 Explanation 解释 二 Context 上下文 三 Word formation 字形 四 Examples 例子 五 Commonsense 常识 eg Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle thatis itwillbreakeasily eg Modernmedicinebeganwiththestethoscope amedicaltoolusedforlisteningtothemovementsofaperson slungandhisheartbeats 一 Explanation 易碎的 脆弱的 听诊器 利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释 猜测词义 信号词 be becalled means bedefinedas thatis 等等 标点符号有 等 Apersonwhoisskilledatmakingorrepairingwoodenobjectsiscalledacarpenter Hisuncleisazoologist anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals Theherdsman wholooksaftersheep earnsabout650yuanayear Weareonthenightshift workingfrommidnightto8a m thisweek 木匠 动物学家 牧人 夜班 Ex 1carpenter zoologist herdsman nightshift 二 Context 对比关系同义 近义 反义关系因果关系 e g Johnusuallywastesalotofmoneyonsuchuselessthings hiswife however isveryabstemious goon e g ThoughTom sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean hisneckstillremainsgrubby 1 对比关系 污秽的 邋遢的 有节制的 节约的 能体现对比关系的词汇很多 主要有but yet however while unlike instead ontheotherhand onthecontrary incontrastwith等 标点符号分号有时也可表示对比 Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway Now however everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil Ifyouagree write yes ifyoudissent write no Somehumanactionsarelearned butquiteafewotheractionsareinnate Althoughalargenumberofpeopleconsideredhimtohavestolenthemoney Iwassurethathewasinnocentofthetheft 混乱 无辜的 天生的 不同意 Ex 2turmoil dissent innate innocent 2 同义 近义 反义关系 同义词替换的表达方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索 一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or like similar等 反义词利用文章中所出现的 与某生词或词组意思相反的内容 猜测词义 信号词中有instead but not等 e g Motherwastall fatandmiddle aged Myauntwasanoldwoman almostasplumpasmother andmuchshorter 圆胖的 丰满的 e g Thenewtaxlawsupersedes orreplaces thelawthatwasineffectlastyear 取代 接替 撤换 goon eg Americanbusinessmenexpectemployeestobepunctual Theydonotexpectthattheworkerswillcomelate 文中bepunctual的意思 可理解为 notcomelate 即 准时 不迟到 e g MrSmithlovestotalk andhiswifeissimilarlyloquacious 显然 similarly是个语境线索 它暗示loquacious意为lovetotalk Ex 3symptoms volatile shivered Oneofsymptomscausedbythiskindofillnessisahighfever Becausethischemicalliquidishighlyvolatile wemustkeepitinabottlewhichhasatightlid Inthestrongwind thebeggarshiveredwiththeterriblecold 症状 易挥发的 颤抖 3 因果关系 信号词 如because as since for so thus asaresult so that such that therefore等表示前因后果 e g Rubbercanbemadetostretchmorethanninetimesitsnormallengthbecauseitisveryelastic e g Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow 弹性的 混浊的 SinceIcouldnotaffordtopurchasetheoriginalpainting Iboughtareplica Aninexperiencedeyecouldnottellthedifference He ssuchashrewdbusinessmanthathelosesnomoneyinanytrade Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong 复制品 精明的 修剪 Ex 4replica shrewd trim 1 Withtheirshiningbrowneyes waggingtails andunconditionallove dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence unconditional nonjudgmental 无条件的 绝对的 没有判断力的 2 根据构词法 合成 派生 前缀 后缀 转化等 三 Word formation er or ian ist ese ess 后缀 构成可数名词 猜一猜 solutionsolvedruggistdrugelectricianelectricgreatnessgreatreminderremind 构词法 ment tion ness sion ery ing 后缀 构成抽象名词 dis im mis un non 否定前缀 re co mini over pre post vice en tele 其它前缀 重复 共同 平等 小 过度 后 副的 使 可能 远程 前 猜一猜 minicarpostwarsupermarketpreviewpreschoolrecallirrelativenonstandarddisloyalunlockco workeroveractivevicepresident 微型汽车战后超市预习学前回忆 回想无关系的不标准的不忠诚的开锁合作者过分活跃副总统 al ble ern ful ish ive less y ly ous 形容词后缀 enizeify 动词后缀 e g weakenrealizesatisfy 猜猜 strengthensimplifyactivatemountainouscourageouschangeablelifelesshillypeaceablefictional e g Wemustsafeguardtheworldpeace AprotectBcareCpreventDtokeepsafewithgunse g Don tlistentohisnonsense AhavingnomeaningBmeaninglesswordsChumorousspeechDnotmakingsense A B 维护 保护 捍卫 胡说 废话 合成词 e g Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry suchaschickens ducksandgeese fortheireggsandmeat e g IhavefoundLucyisquitegenerous forexample whenevershemeetsabeggar shegivessomecoinstohim 四 Examples 家禽 慷慨的 大方的 eg Metalexpandswhenheatedandcontractswhencooled eg Whenyouthrowastoneintostillwaterofalake youwillwatcharipplespreadinringsonthesurfaceofwater 五 Commonsense 膨胀 扩大 收缩 缩小 波纹 细浪 1 Inolddays whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold 3 Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient heusuallygivesananaesthetictomakehimunconscious becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim Ex 5dowry wither anaesthetic 嫁妆 枯萎 麻药 因果 猜 构词法 Howtoguessthemeaningofwords 定义 同 反义词 对比转折 上下文 生活常识 解释 Let sdosomeexercisestoconsolidateit Discussion Exercises 小试身手 Albert ssuccessaftermucheffortandpracticeprovesthevalueofpersistence 2 Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile becausehewasusingthewrongkey 3 ThoughMr Smithhasbeenmanagerforjust3months hehasalreadymademuchgreaterachievementsthanhispredecessors 祝 功 成 你 A timeB competitionC perseverance A 成功的B 徒劳的C 有效的D 匆促的 A 上级B 前任C 同事D 下级 4 Shedidn thearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossedinherreading 5 Twelve year oldSallywasanactivegirl Buthersisterwasquitesedate 6 Heisaresoluteman Oncehemakesuphismindtodosomething hewon tgiveituphalfway 祝 功 成 你 小试身手 A 心不在焉的B 紧张的C 全神贯注的D 睡意浓的 A prettyB calmC protectiveD energetic A strongB firmC kindD clever 7 Theofficialaskedthemanwhathisoccupationwas Themantoldhimthatheworkedasanengineer 8 Thosenewcomerswerenotusedtothelifeinthesuburbswhichwassodifferentfromthatinsidethecity 9 Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals TheWorldofEnglish ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchool orEnglishLearning 祝 功 成 你 小试身手 A workB studyC nameD interest A townB capitalC countryD house A dictionariesB story booksC magazinesD newspapers 10 Theflowersinthevasewitheredbecausetheyhadnowater 11 Justforfun theydecidedtotryaverycircuitouscountryroadinsteadofthemoredirecthighway 12 Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday 祝 功 成 你 小试身手 A becamesweeterB becameredC becamedry A directB indirectC straight A smallB largeC dull Nowlet strysomeexamplesinthepassages Herearesomeexamplesintheexams Trytoguessthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingpassages Hereisanexamplefromonetestpaper 分析 此题考查考生猜词的能力 青少年太早来到学校上课 就坐在桌旁打盹 而且我们知道 nod 有点头的意思 根据常识 打盹的时候会情不自禁地垂下头 eg ABrownUniversitysleepresearcherhassomeadviceforpeoplewhorunhighschools Don tstartclassessoearlyinthemorning Itmaynotbethatthestudentswhonodoffattheirdesksarelazy Anditmaynotbethattheirparentshavefailedtoenforce 确保 bedtime Instead itmaybethatbiologicallythesesleepyheadstudentsaren tusedtotheearlyhour 49 Theunderlinedphrase nodoff mostprobablymeans turnaroundB agreewithothersC fallasleepD refusetowork Hereisanotherexamplefromthetestpaper 分析 此题考查考生猜词的能力 根据上下文原则里的并列关系 我们通过一个and可以断定apprehensive跟nervous是同义词 eg Aheart warmingstorytellsofawomanwhofinallydecidedtoaskherbossforaraiseinsalary Alldayshefeltnervousandapprehensive Lateintheafternoonshesummonedthecouragetoapproachheremployer Toherdelight thebossagreedtoaraise 54 Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans A worriedB eagerC certainD afraid Hereisanotherexamplefromthetestpaper 分析 此题考查考生猜词的能力 根据解释定义原则 我们通过下文对cuisine这个词的补充解释 来判定它的基本意思为食物 eg Eachregionhasadistinctivelocalflavor Here we dliketointroducethebestofChinesecuisine Now theremightbeChineserestaurantsalmosteverywhereintheworld butIcouldn tthinkofabetterplaceortimetoshowthecharmofitthanattheBeijingOlympics 41 Theunderlinedwordinparagraph1mostprobablymeans A cookerB cookC foodD tradition Hereisanotherexamplefromthetestpaper 分析 此题考查考生猜词的能力 根据解释定义原则 我们通过下文对leg这个词的补充解释 来判定它的基本意思为这个biketour的一部分 不要误选A AbiketourandracewillbeheldonAug26and27 At5 30am theriderswillleaveTiananmenSquareandridethefirst35kmasatrainingleg Thenthenext55KmlegfromYanjiaotoJixian willbethefirstcompetition Theunderlinedword leg probablymeans A raceB practiceC partofthetrainingD partofthetour Domoreexercises eg Oneofthepredominantconcernstodayisthefutureofournaturalresources Thisissueisofgreatestimportancebecauseitisbecomingcleartomanypeoplethatourpresentresourceswillnotlastforever 文中 predominant 的词义可猜测为具有与 ofgreatestimportance 相近的意思 eg Pantomimereferstoashortplayinwhichnowordsarespoken 手势 哑剧 舞剧 eg Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask Thejobissolarge infact thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted 文中 enormous 的词义可猜测为与 large 的意思相近 eg Unlikehergregarioussister Janeisashyperson whodoesnotliketogotoparties ortomakenewfriends 根据文中 unlike 的意思 可将gregarious理解为与文中 ashypersonwhodoesnotliketogotoparties ortomakenewfriends 相反的意思 即 表示 好交际的 eg Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread spectacles的词义 从下文 戴上 spectacles 后开始阅读 可以猜得其词义 眼镜 eg Someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares circlesandtriangles geometricforms的意思 可从文中所列举的三角形 正方形 圆形来猜得其意义为 几何图形 eg Theyoverestimatetheinterviewee sabilityandaskedhimmanydifficultquestions 在overestimate词中over 是前缀 意为 过分 因此overestimate的词义可以猜测为 过高估计 的意思 eg Weweretoldthatour swasthemostspaciousroominthehotel Thatwaswhywehadtopaysomuchforit Spacious是由词根space 空间 ious 形容词后缀 构成 由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为 有空间的 宽敞的 小试身手 Albert ssuccessaftermucheffortandpracticeprovesthevalueofpersistence A timeB competitionC perseverance2 Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile becausehewasusingthewrongkey A 成功的B 徒劳的C 有效的D 匆促的3 ThoughMr Smithhasbeenmanagerforjust3months hehasalreadymademuchgreaterachievementsthanhispredecessors A 上级B 前任C 同事