初中定语从句讲解及练习.doc

初中定语从句讲解及练习 一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。* 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why* 关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分二、关系代词引导的定语从句* 1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.* 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(2) The man (who/whom )you met just now is my friend.* 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)* 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)(2) Where is the man （that/whom ）I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)* 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? * 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1、只能使用that,不用which 的情况：* 1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以为你做的吗？All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。* 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that we should do is to get some food .我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。* 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如： My necklace is not the only thing thats missing .我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。* 4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或 who ，以避免重复。例如：Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ?正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？* 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如：The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。2、只用which不用that的情况：* 1) 关系代词前有介词时；e.g. This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.* 2)非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。e.g. That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.* 3) 先行词本身是that时；e.g. The clock is that which tells the time非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)* 4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.* 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. * 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.三、关系副词引导的定语从句* 1、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。Ill never forget the day when I was born. (=Ill never forget my birthday.) 我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句that I always remember in all my life的宾语，that可以省略) * 2、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的定语从句的地点状语，放在定语从句的句首。如果定语从句的引导词作该定语从句的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：The factory where his father works is in the east of the cityThis is the room where (in which) I lived last year. 这就是我去年住过的房间。Is this the classroom where(=in which) the old worker is going to make/give us a report? 这就是那位老工人要给我们做报告的教室吗？Lets look for a place where we can swim. 咱们找一个可以游泳的地方吧。The building that is being built over there will be a new hospital. 正在那边建的楼房将是一家新医院。(引导词that作定语从句that is being built over there的主语)That is the factory (that) they visited last month. 那就是他们上个月参观过的工厂。(引导词that作定语从句(that) they visited last month的宾语，that可以省略)* 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词when，在地点名词后就一定用关系副词 where，在表示原因的the reason后就一定用关系副词why。到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。如：Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)Ill never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。(that/ which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略)He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)Thats the reason (that /which ) he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语) Thats the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(why在从句中作状语)* 英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why三个，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词修饰the way。如不说 This is the way how he spoke，可改为 This is how he spoke(how引导的是表语从句)，当然也可说成 This is the way (that/ in which) he spoke.(其中的that/ in which可省略)* 另外，when和where可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而why则只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，（这天）人们不上班。 He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students.他把我们带进教室，那儿只有少数几个学生。* 在定语从句的使用中，oneof后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数； 而在oneof前面有the或 theonly时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。He is theonlyoneofthe students who is elected?Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident .定 语 从 句 练 习一、用关系代词填空：that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose 1.This is the man _ wants to see you.2.The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man _ you went to see has come.4.The man _I met yesterday lent me some money.5.The woman _ you saw is our geography teacher. 6.The runner _ you are asking about is over there.7.The person _ you should write to is Mr. Ball.8.The man _was passing by saw what happened.9.Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday.10.These books _ you lent me were very useful.11.The storybook _ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.12.A clock is a machine _ tells people the time.13.This is shirt _I bought yesterday.14.A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.15.The book _ is on the table is mine.16.The film _ they are talking about is very interesting.17.I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visited.18.Is there anyone _ family is in Beijing?19.Show me the boy _ mother is a well-known singer.20.The boy_ father is a teacher is good at English.二、单项选择( ) 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes from Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose( ) 2. Whats the name of the program_. A. which are listening B. you are listening to C. to that you are listening D. that you are listening( ) 3. The students were all interested _ you told them yesterday. A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything( ) 4. He was the only person in his office_ was invited. A. whom B. whose C. that D. which( ) 5. This is the museum_ we visited last year. A. where B. in which C. which D. in that( ) 6. Charlie told his mother all_ had happened. A. that B. what C. which D. who( ) 7. Do you know the student_? A. whom I often talk B. with who I often talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk( ) 8. I like the house_ windows face south. A. whose B. whos C. its D. its( ) 9. Would you tell me where to get the dictionary _? A. what I need B.I need C. which I need it D. that I need it( )10. The young woman_ I spoke just now is a young doctor. A. who B. to whom C. whom D. that（ ）11、Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one （ ）12、 Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one （ ）13、 Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one （ ）14、 Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _ in China.A. works B. is working C. are working C. has been working（ ）15、Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn （ ）16、Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that （ ）17、He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.