柠条的研究进展-科技文献

柠条的研究进展柠条是一种锦鸡儿植物，为落叶灌木，系欧亚大陆之特产，是欧亚草原植物亚区的典型植被。全世界约有 100 余种，我国现已查明有 67 种，山西省约有 20 种。在我国主要分布在黄河以北干燥地区，西南和西北则以西藏高原为中心，少数类种分布在长江下游及长江以南。从全世界分布范围看，自欧洲北部经高加索及中亚向东，直达苏联西伯利亚及朝鲜、日本，南至尼泊尔、不丹、锡金及印度北部。山西省柠条主要是人工林，起始于山西省西北各县，据考证，在清末宣统二年（1910 年）由内蒙古和陕西省相继传入山西省北部，以后逐步南移，栽培历史已有 70 年以上，大量种植则在 50 年代末期，西北部较多，南部较少。它的冠幅大，高 34 米，最高可达 6 米，可以防风，它的根系庞大。一丛 15 年生的柠条，根径为 8 厘米，细毛根多达 8160 条，可以固沙，减小地面径流。它的叶多，可以减少蒸腾，防止水分蒸发，是耐旱的特征表现。不仅如此，柠条还可以用于编织、饲料、造纸入药、榨油、燃料等各种经营。种植柠条，可以走出一条恢复植被、治理和改善环境的灿烂之路，也能走出一条农民发展致富之路。因此，大面积种植发展柠条林既有生态价值，也有经济价值。1柠条的抗性研究1.1 耐旱性 三大黄土高原土地研究所，王孟本、李洪建对柠条蒸腾状况与土训水分动态作了研究。实践表明，柠条在一般的土壤条件下能够正常生长，年降雨量在 300以上的区域生长茂盛，生物量大，在年降水 150300mm 的区域内可以生长，并且萎焉时土壤含水量 1.51%，发芽时的最适土壤含水量为 12%14%，土壤含水量在 8%时也能发芽。循世健（兰州大学生命科学院）对柠条抗旱生理指标作出研究，证明柠条在干旱条件下，可溶性糖，游离氨基酸含量较高。内蒙古林学院安守芹等对柠条的营养器官进行解剖研究，结果表明，柠条的旱生结构特别发达。1.2 耐热性 张金如的试验表明，柠条开始受热害的温度是 46，抗热极限温度为4849，比一般的植物耐热性强。1.3 抗寒性 柠条能抵御零下 30零下 40 的严寒。内蒙古准格尔旗极端冻土层深达128cm，锡林部郭勒盟年平均气温只有 1.5，最大冻土层深达 290cm。在这样恶劣的条件下，柠条仍能安全越冬。1.4 柠条的耐沙埋性柠条无性繁殖萌蘖力很强，它们具有发达的根颈，可萌发大量的枝条，其茎被沙埋后也可产生不定根和不定芽萌发新枝条。此外其老龄根的侧根增粗后，不仅具有顽强的生殖能力，而且具有不怕沙埋的特性。一般丛 3a 生开始大量萌枝，特别是经平茬后，能从根的颈部萌发出大量的枝条，形成稠密的灌丛。2a 生小叶锦鸡儿单株 18 条，3a 生 32 个枝条， 4a 生 57 个枝条， 5a 生 82 个枝条。山西省临县程家塔乡有 1 株 300 多 a 树龄的小叶锦鸡儿，灌丛高达 3.5m，周长达 25m，是全国柠条之王。柠条在一年中，尽管春夏秋冬牲畜多次啃食枝叶，生长仍然十分茂盛。经验表明柠条被适量啃食后，有如摘心修剪之作用，可以促进分枝。1.5 耐贫瘠性柠条能在沙地、干旱少雨的土壤条件下生长，与其耐贫瘠性是分不开的。据测定，在土壤有机质含量为 0.05%、PH 偏碱的条件下，柠条能够生长，因为它对土壤的营养条件要求不严，因为柠条本身具有很强的固氮能力，另外它的根含有分泌、产酸的能力，能够溶解其根际环境中的营养物质。柠条究竟是通过固氮吸收营养的呢？还是通过分泌酸将营养物质吸入体内的？还有待于进一步的研究。2柠条的效益方面的研究2.1 柠条的经济效益2.1.1 柠条的饲料效益柠条的营养丰富，常作为饲料供牲畜需要。据田晋梅、谢海军（山西省畜牧兽医学校）对豆科植物沙打旺、柠条、草木樨单独青贮饲料及饲喂反刍家畜作了试验研究，取得了良好的效果。据山西农业大学林学院教授姚延涛老师研究表明：全 N 全 P 全 K 全 K 嫩枝 2.34% 0.137% 0.875%叶 2.27% 0.177% 0.419%柠条的全 N，全 P，全 K 分别为：2.34%，0.137%，0.875%，叶的全 N，全P，全 K 分别为：2.27%，0.177%，0.419%。柠条不同营养元素贮量为：PCaKMgMnZn,表明柠条对 P、Ca、K 的需要量较高。据山西省农科院土肥所研究结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿柠条种子内脂肪含量主要以油酸和亚油酸为主，但粗脂肪含量略低于其它品种。养分含量中 N 的含量较高，其次， Ca、Mg 、Fe 的含量高于其它作物种子。如怀仁县毛皂试验区小叶锦鸡儿含 N 量平均是 3.09%，折粗蛋白 19.31%，尤其是 Ca 和 Fe 的含量很高，最高分别达到 0.74%和 0.18%。据内蒙古农牧学院测定，柠条开花到结实期，每千克鲜叶、嫩枝含粗蛋白 2248 克，含粗脂肪 4.98 克，柠条开花期每千克风干枝叶所含的可消化粗蛋白，相当于 2.67千克玉米，0.88 千克豌豆或 0.64 千克黑豆。柠条有如此好的营养成分，在喂养牲口时，也有很好的效果，据宁夏大学生物工程研究所李爱华和李月华研究结果表明：用柠条草粉喂养羊，平均增重比对照高 150.0%，屠宰试验表明柠条组羊的屠宰前活重、臀体重、净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率比对照高21.2%， 34.9%，41.7%，11.3% ，16.5%。另外，柠条还可以入药，种子可以炸油，等等，结果表明，柠条具有很高的营养价值。1.1.2 柠条的工业效益轻工业部造纸研究所研究表明，柠条出浆率 51.2%，漂白度 65.4%，断列长度 4.10m，耐折次数 24 次，耐破因子 26.8，断列因子 84，可生产合格的新闻纸。可见柠条是造纸和制做纤维板的好原料。据调查，偏关县已建成日产 300 块的纤维板产，1985 年以来年利润达 10 万余元。2.2 柠条的社会效益2.2.1 柠条是很好的烧柴。柠条易燃、热量大。据测定，每千克柠条含热量 4.6千卡。在柠条生长的地区，群众十分喜欢烧柠条。3 年生柠条，每公顷年产干柴量可达 56268250kg。据统计偏关群众烧柠条每年较烧煤炭可节省 50 万元。2.2.2 柠条可用于编织。管理好的柠条，产条量未 3750kg/hm2 可收入 375 元左右。若全县每年由 30%的林子用于产条，总收入可达 375 元。2.2.3 柠条是很好的蜜源植物，花期长达几十天。偏关县每年靠柠条做蜜源，可收入蜂蜜 40500kg。同时柠条种子也是产区群众的可靠收入，全县每年可采种字10 万 kg，收入 10 万余元。2.3 柠条的生态效益柠条不仅营养成分丰富，经济效益高；而且对土壤陪肥改土有很大的影响，生态效益高，具体表现为以下四个方面：2.3.1 它的枯枝落叶归还给土壤，提高土壤有机质含量。据测定，每 5000kg 柠条干枝叶含 N29 kg、P5.5kg、K14.3kg。相当于硫铵 145kg，硫酸钾 28.6 kg，过磷酸钙 27.4kg，并且它们是以有机质的形式归还给土壤的，即提高了土壤有机质含量及 N、P、K 的含量。据山西偏关县水泉乡柠条地内测定，土壤腐殖质含量为 1.13%，而相邻荒地腐殖质含量仅为 0.64%。内蒙古东胜市柴登村在万亩丘陵沟壑梁乾坤地上营造柠条网带后，粮食亩产由过去的 1015kg 提高到 50kg 左右。据测定，柠条林的年龄越长，有机质的含量也就越高，且差异明显。2.3.2 柠条对土壤的改良作用还在于它有发达的根系，不仅防风固沙，还能防止水土流失。张继敏，梁桂英等对陕北柠条的种群分类及其与水土保持和固沙关系作了调查分析，证明柠条防止水土流失具有很大的作用。据调查，一株内沙埋的小叶锦鸡儿，在几年内能萌生几十根到几百条根，形成强大的灌丛，阻挡积沙厚度可达 67m，冠幅可达 13.5m 11.10m，固沙量达几十立方米。同时延缓林下径流的形成时间，促进降水入渗，可减少地表冲刷 70%，减少地面径流 80%左右。另外，柠条的改土作用还在于它的死亡的根系，也是很好的有机肥，也可以提高土壤的有机质的含量。2.3.3 柠条的根有发达的根瘤，据测定，根瘤的多少与树龄和根系的大小成正比，根瘤的大小取决于树的长势和根系的强弱。根瘤的有很强的固氮能力，可将空气中游离态的氮固定，增加了土壤的的含氮量，提高了土壤肥力，可将空气中游离态的氮固定的肥力，改善了土壤的物理结构，提高了土壤酶活性。闫爱民、陈文新对锦鸡儿根瘤菌的表现型多样性作了分析。2.3.4 柠条作为很好的饲料，又促进了畜牧业的发展，反过来，畜牧业又为农业提供了大量的优质的肥料。据调查，每只羊每年产粪 750kg 左右，可增产粮食30.037.5kg。这样，形成了柠条林畜牧业土壤柠条林循环系统，不仅提高了经济效益，也该善了生态环境。3柠条其它方面的研究3.1 魏伟、王洪新等对毛乌素沙地柠条群体分子生态学初步研究：RAPD 证据证明，该柠条群体间存在强大的基因流，物种杂交性与生态过渡性一致。3.2 慈忠玲、贺晓等对柠条锦鸡儿愈伤组织的培养与分化作了研究。3.3 冷丽娇、格根塔娜、康学玲（内蒙古农牧学院草原系）对不同光质对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发和幼苗生长影响作了初步研究，证明混合光和兰光照射幼苗生长最佳，半光照射对种子出苗影响不大。但是，目前对于柠条在吸收养分量方面的研究，尤其是它对 N、P、K 吸收在量的方面没有见报道，特别是对 Te 的吸收没有具体到对土壤的全营养上，因此，在这方面研究，是一个新的开始，具有现实意义。Caragana of researchCaragana is a child of plants, deciduous shrubs, Department of Eurasia specialty is European - Asian steppe vegetation typical plant sub-region. About 100 species worldwide, China has now identified 67 species, Shanxi Province, about 20 species. Yellow River in China are mainly distributed in the dry areas north, southwest and northwest places as the central Tibetan plateau, a small number of class types are located in the south of Yangtze River and the Yangtze River. Distribution from around the world to see, from northern Europe to east through the Caucasus and Central Asia, Siberia and the Soviet Union directly to the DPRK, Japan, south to Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and northern India. Shanxi Caragana mainly plantations, starting in the northwest counties of Shanxi Province, according to research in the late Qing Xuantong (1910) from Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi Province have been introduced in northern Shanxi Province, later gradually moved south, cultivation history has 70 years, a lot of planting in the late 1950s, more north-west, south less. Its a large crown, 3-4 m high, up to 6 meters, you can wind its a huge root system. A cluster of 15-year-Caragana, root diameter of 8 cm, the root hairs up to 8160, you can sand, reducing surface runoff. It leaves much to reduce transpiration and prevent water evaporation, is characterized by drought-tolerant. Not only that, Caragana also be used for weaving, feed, paper and medicine, oil, fuel and other operations. Planting Caragana, you can embark on a restoration of vegetation, governance and the brilliant way to improve the environment, farmers can develop out of a road to riches. Therefore, the development of large-scale cultivation of both Caragana forest ecological value, but also economic value. A resistance of Caragana 1.1 drought tolerance Three Loess Plateau Land Institute, Meng-Ben, Li Jian Xun Caragana soil water status and transpiration dynamics were investigated. Practice shows that, Caragana in the general soil conditions to normal growth, annual rainfall of 300 mm above the lush growth of the region, biological capacity, annual precipitation is 150 300mm in the region can grow and wilt when the soil moisture content 1.51%, germinate best when soil moisture content of 12% to 14%, 8% of soil moisture can germinate. Through the World Health (Life Sciences, Lanzhou University) on to study the physiological drought Caragana, Caragana that under drought conditions, soluble sugars, free amino acid content is higher. Inner Mongolia Forestry College An Shouqin and other organs of Caragana anatomical study of nutrition, the results show, Caragana the xerophytic structure, especially well developed. 1.2 Heat resistance Zhang, such as experiments have shown that victims of Caragana start heating temperature is 46 , thermal limit temperature of 48 49 , than the plants resistance to heat. 1.3 cold resistance Caragana can withstand minus 30 40 below zero cold. Inner Mongolia Zhungeer extreme depth of the permafrost 128cm, Cylinder Division gol League The annual average temperature is only 1.5 , the maximum depth of permafrost 290cm. In such harsh conditions, Caragana still the winter. 1.4 Caragana resistance of sand buried Caragana clones sprout very strong, they have well-developed root neck, can germinate a large number of branches, their stems are buried in the sand can produce adventitious roots after germination of new buds and branches. In addition, the aging of the lateral root enlargement, not only has the tenacity of reproductive capacity, and are not afraid of the sand has buried features. General health cluster 3a Sprouting in large quantities, especially by the flat stubble, the sprout from the root of the neck, a large number of branches, forming dense thickets. 2a Health C. microphylla children plant 18, 3a 32 branches Health, 4a raw 57 branches, 5a raw 82 branches. Shanxi Linxian Cheng family village has a tower more than 300 a child age of C. microphylla, shrub up to 3.5m, week-long 25m, is the king of Caragana. Caragana in the year, although many livestock grazing seasons foliage, growth is still very lush. Experience has shown that moderate grazing by Caragana after topping trim like the role, can promote branching. Poor resistance of 1.5 Caragana in sandy, dry soil conditions, drought, growth, and its anti-poor nature are inseparable. It is measured in soil organic matter content of 0.05%, PH alkaline conditions, Caragana can grow, the soil nutrient conditions because of its strict requirements, as Caragana itself has a strong nitrogen fixation, while it contains the root secretion of acid production capability to its rhizosphere dissolved nutrients in the environment. Caragana what is to absorb nutrients through nitrogen fixation of it? Secretion of acid or by inhalation of the nutrients the body? Needs further study. 2 Caragana benefits of research 2.1 The economic benefits of Caragana 2.1.1 Caragana feed efficiency Caragana of nutrient-rich, often used as feed for livestock needs. According to the Tianjin Mei, Xie Haijun (Shanxi Province, animal husbandry and veterinary schools) adsurgens of leguminous plants, Caragana, sweet clover silage alone were tested and the study of feeding ruminants, and achieved good results. According to the Shanxi Agricultural University, Professor Lin Xueyuan Yaoyan Tao teacher research shows that: Total N total P total K in all K Softwood 2.34% 0.137% 0.875% Leaves 0.177% 0.419% 2.27% Caragana of total N, total P, total K, respectively: 2.34%, 0.137%, 0.875%, leaf total N, total P, total K, respectively: 2.27%, 0.177%, 0.419%. Caragana storage of different nutrients: P Ca K Mg Mn Zn, that Caragana of P, Ca, K the higher requirements. According to the Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences Soil and Fertilizer Institute findings show that: C. microphylla Caragana seeds and fat content in children mainly oleic acid and linoleic acid-based, but the fat content slightly lower than other varieties. Nutrient content of N were higher, followed by, Ca, Mg, Fe content than other seeds. If Huairen wool soap test area C. microphylla children with an average N was 3.09%, 19.31% crude protein folding, especially the high content of Ca and Fe, respectively, up 0.74% and 0.18%. According to the determination of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Caragana flowering to grain filling stage and per kg of fresh leaves, twigs with 22-48 grams of crude protein, crude fat containing 4.98 g, Caragana flowering branches per kilogram of dried digestible crude protein contained in , equivalent to 2.67 kg of corn, 0.88 kg or 0.64 kg peas black beans. Caragana have such good nutrients in feeding livestock, they have very good results, according to Institute of Biotechnology, Ningxia University, Li Aihua and Li Yuehua results showed that: Caragana meal feeding the sheep, the average weight gain of 150.0% higher than the control , Caragana group of sheep slaughter tests showed that the pre-slaughter live weight, hip weight, net meat weight, dressing percentage, net meat 21.2% higher than the control rate, 34.9%, 41.7%, 11.3%, 16.5%. In addition, medicine can Caragana, frying oil seeds, etc. The results show that, Caragana has a high nutritional value. 1.1.2 The industrial efficiency Caragana Ministry of Light Industry Institute study shows that paper, Caragana a rate of 51.2% pulp, bleached degree 65.4%, breaking out the length of 4.10m, folding number of 24, burst factor of 26.8, breaking out factor of 84, to produce qualified newsprint. Caragana is visible fiber paper and making a good raw material. According to the survey, Pianguan Nissan 300 have been completed and the fiberboard production, annual profit since 1985 of 10 million yuan. 2.2 Caragana social benefits 2.2.1 Caragana is a good firewood. Caragana flammable, heat large. According to the determination of 4.6 calories per kilogram of Caragana kcal. Region in Caragana growth, people are like burning Caragana. Caragana 3 years old, dry wood per hectare annual amount of up to 5626 8250kg. According to statistics Pianguan people each year than the burning of coal burning Caragana can save up to 50 million. 2.2.2 Caragana can be used for weaving. Caragana good management, production of volume can not 3750kg/hm2 income 375 yuan or so. If the county from 30% a year for the production of the woods, with a total income of up to 375 yuan. 2.2.3 Caragana is a good nectar plants, flowering over dozens of days. Pianguan Caragana done annually by the nectar, honey can be income 40500kg. Caragana seeds while also producing a reliable income people, the word county seed each year 100,000 kg, income of 10 million yuan. 2.3 The ecological benefits of Caragana Caragana is not only rich in nutrients, high economic efficiency; and soil improvement on soil fertilizer to accompany a great impact, eco-efficient, specific performance of the following four areas: 2.3.1 It is the litter returned to the soil, improve soil organic matter content. It is measured per 5000kg Caragana dry leaves with N29 kg, P5.5kg, K14.3kg. Equivalent of ammonium sulfate 145kg, potassium sulfate 28.6 kg, superphosphate 27.4kg, and they are in the form of organic matter returned to the soil, which increases soil organic matter content and N, P, K content. According to Shanxi Pianguan springs within the town Caragana to the determination of the soil humus content of 1.13%, while the adjacent wasteland humus content is 0.64%. Dongsheng City, Inner Mongolia, Teng Chai Liang Qiankun village mu hilly ground to create a network with Caragana, the grain yield from the past 10 15kg to 50kg or so. According to the determination, the longer the age of Caragana Lam, the higher content of organic matter, and the differences are significant. 2.3.2 Caragana role of soil improvement is that it also has well-developed root system, not only the sand-fixing, but also prevent soil erosion. Zhang Jimin, Liang Guiying other populations of Northern Caragana classification and relationship with soil and water conservation and the sand made a investigation and analysis of evidence Caragana has a significant role in preventing soil erosion. According to the survey, one in the C. microphylla children buried in the sand, can be sprouted within a few years tens to hundreds of bars of the root, forming a strong shrub, block sand thickness of up to 6 7m, crown up to 13.5m 11.10m, sand amounted to tens of cubic meters. Same time delaying the formation of forest runoff and promote infiltration of precipitation, surface erosion can be reduced 70%, 80% to reduce surface runoff. In addition, the role of Caragana of soil improvement lies in the death of its roots, but also a good organic fertilizer, can also increase soil organic matter content. 2.3.3 Caragana have well-developed root nodules, it was determined, the number of nodules and roots with age proportional to the size, depending on the size of nodules and roots of trees growing strength. Nitrogen-fixing nodule has a strong ability in the air can be free-state nitrogen fixation, increased soil nitrogen, improving soil fertility, air can be fixed in the free state of nitrogen fertilit