包装材料回收外文文献

包装材料回收外文文献包装材料回收外文文献 Sustainable Productionand Consumption14 2018 105 121Contents listsavailable atScienceDirectSustainable Productionand Consumptionjournalhomepage elsevier locate spcResearch articleEnvironmentalimpact of a newindustrial process for therecovery andvalorisation of packaging materials derived from packaged food wasteGianlucaVitale David Mosna Eleonora Bottani Roberto Montanari Giuseppe Vignali Department ofEngineering andArchitecture University ofParma Viale delleScienze181 A 43124 Parma Italya rt ic le in foArticle history Received13OctoberxxReceived inrevised form23January2018Aepted3February2018Available online8February2018Keywords Packaging materialFoodwasteRecyclingEnd of lifeUnpackingLife cycleassessmenta bs tr ac tInItaly most of the packaged food wastedduring the distribution phaseand at retail storesis disposed ofin landfill due to the absenceof asorting systemable to separate food from packaging A newexperimentalprocess here presented collectsthe packaged food wastefromretailers moves ittodistributioncentres andthenshipsittoasortingfacilitywhe rethefoodisseparatedfromitspackaging Thesortedpackagingmate rialsarethensenttospecificrecyclingorenergyrecoverycentres meaningthatonly asmall amountof packaging material isdisposed of in landfill In this study the environmentalperformance of this innovativeprocess ispared with the impactsgeneratedby disposal in landfillusing the Life Cycle Assessment LCA methodology Data for the yearxxin the Emilia Romagna region Italy was collatedfor thispurpose in thisregion about14 600tonsoffoodarewastedintheretailchannel annually TheLCAisperformedusingtheReCiPemidpointmethod prim ary datawas takenfrom thefield while secondarydata camefrom literatureand ecoinvent3 3databases Three sensitivityanalyses werecarried out to evaluatethe resultswhen thedistances coveredduring the transportphase the position of the packaging waste orthe EOL of the countrywhere theanalysisis performedvaried Overall the resultsshow that the innovativescenario ismore environmentallysound thanthe onecurrentlyin use Taking into aount the avoided impacts the environmental impact turnedoutto benegative in all thecategories suggesting abeneficial effecton the environment 2018Institution ofChemical Engineers Published byElsevier B V All rightsreserved 1 IntroductionFood waste FW generated acrossthe FoodValue Chain FVC turns outto beone of the majorproblems relating to foodproduc tion Inxx the UnitedNations Foodand AgricultureOrganiza tion FAO estimated thatmore thanone thirdof foodproduced about1 3billion tons is lost Gustavsson et al xx FAO xxa b Food can be wastedthroughout theFVC from primaryproduc tion to the usephase WRAP xxa b Fredriksen et al xx European Commission xx Packaging is a main part of any food as itis fundamentaltoensure thatits organolepticand hygienicproperties arepreserved also it ensuresprotection andconservation of the foodqualityand cancontribute toreducing FW Bertoluci et al xx Theglobal volumeof packaging materials manufacturedand disposedeveryday hasled manyresearchers todeal with the issueofenvironmental impact especially in the foodsector Vermeulen et Corresponding author E mail addresses gianluca vitale unipr it G Vitale david mosna st udenti unipr it D Mosna eleonora bottani unipr it E Bottan i roberto montanari unipr it R Montanari giuseppe vignali unipr it G Vignali al xx Several studieshave been carried outsince1990withthe aimof demonstratingthe impact of packaging materials in thefood sectorand the best end of life EOL valorisation option fordifferent typesof them Lately Manfredi and Vignali xx foundthat glasspackaging isthe maincause ofenvironmental impactgeneratedby the production oftomato puree while Bertolinietal xx and ManfrediandVignali xx analysed the impacts ofseveralpackaging materialsrespectively used for milkand bever ages In recentyears several studieshave demonstratedextendingfood s shelflife bymeans ofan improvedpackaging solutioncouldreduce the environmental impact of thewhole packaged food acting mainlyon thereduction of the FWassociated toit Williamsand Wikstr m xx Gr nman et al xx Wikstr m et al xx Manfredi et al xx The environmentalimpactofFW treatmenthas beenstudiedextensively using theLifeCycleAssessment LCA method In thisstudy however we focuson the specific issueof valorisingthepackaging fractionof packaged foodwaste PFW i e thepackagedfood discardedatretail stores Valorisation means anyoptionwhere the packagingmaterialis notdisposedof in landfill aord ing toEuropean Commission xx guidelines The mainproblemassociated toPFW consistsin theimpossibility to recover itspack agingmaterial byseparatingitfromthewastedfood Inturn thisis s doi 10 1016 j spc 2018 02 0012352 5509 2018Institution ofChemical Engineers Published byElsevier B V All rightsreserved 106G Vitale et al Sustainable Productionand Consumption14 2018 105 121primarily dueto thelack ofa systemable tomechanically separatethe FW fromits packaging Consequently at presentall the PFWcollected during the retailand distribution phases isthen sent tolandfilling orincinerated Garcia Garcia etal xx Based on these premises thisstudyaims toexplore differentvalorisationoptionsforprimarypackagingderivingfrom packagedfood wasted atretail stores In particular it willshow howaninnovative process consisting ofan appropriatecollection andsortingsystem for PFW could be an effectivevalorisation optionfroman environmentalpoint ofview The objectiveof thisstudy which issupported bythe LCA methodology is toevaluate theenvironmentalperformance ofthis newprocessfor the sortedpackaging materials pared to the current one i e disposal inlandfill Asittargetspackagingmaterials theanalysisexclud estheenvironmental impactof theFW disposedofinlandfill This workisapart of the SORT project 1Italian acronymfor Technologies andmodels tounpack manage inventoryand trackwasted food The aimof theproject is to valorisethe packagedfood waste collectedfrom retail stores in orderto recovertheproduct andits packaging The paperis organisedas follows After aliterature reviewon EOL valorisation of PFW and packaging materials Section2 the LCAmethodology isapplied taking into aount the phasesdescribedin ISO14044 xx Section3 Environmental impactassessmentisthenperformedconsideringthecurrentscenari oandparingitwiththenewone Asensitivityanalysisisthencarried out toshow howdifferent contextscould affectresults Section4 Finally the conclusionsection summarisesthe mainfindings fromthis work andunderlines activitiesfor futureresearch 2 Literature reviewon packaged food waste and packagingmaterialEOL valorisationAliterature reviewonEOL valorisation of PFW and packagingmaterials has been donein orderto underlihe researchac tivities in the fieldsof PFWvalorisation andpossible EOL of thepackaging materials associatedto food waste Both the systematicreviews have beencarried out usingthe Scopusdatabase providedby Elsevier 2 1 Packaged food wasteThe collectedarticles concerningthe PFWcover a timespanfromxxto2018 They have been obtainedby carryingout aquery withthe following set of keywords foodwaste valori sation and packaging This queryreturned112articles but onlyfiveof themare strictlyrelated to the EOL management of PFW which isthe focusofthisstudy In particular the articlesexcludedfrom theanalysis analysedeither unpackedFW orgeneral issuesofFW management or carried out surveyson FWin household Looking atthe pertinentstudies the mainEOL valorisationoptions of PFW are Animal feed anaerobic digestionand posting Garcia Garcia etal xx xx Salemdeeb etal xx Animal feed anaerobic digestion incineration Vander meersch etal xx Animalfeed anaerobicdigestion incineration landf ill post anddonation Eriksson etal xx As reportedin Garcia Garcia etal xx Fig 3 the lesspre ferred optionsof EOL valorisation of PFWarelandfilling and ther mal treatmentwith energy recovery As faras the incineration and1Teologie emodelli perlo Spahettamento l ORganizzazione dellescorte eilTraiamento deiprodotti alimentarisprecati landfillareconcerned theunpackingphaseis notstrictlynecessary Garcia Garcia etal xx Conversely to reducetheenviron mental impactsof thewasted foodseparated from the packaging different waste management alternativesare suggested such aspostingand anaerobicdigestion for whichthe foodneedsto beunpacked beforeits treatment Moreover aording to theEuropean guidelines theFWshould preferentiallybe usedas an imal feed Salemdeeb etal xx To thisend the PFWhas tobeunpacked with technologiesthat providea minimumdamageto the food anddo notadulterate itsmatrix In addition eachtype ofPFW mustbe treatedindividually to avoidpossible cross contaminations Garcia Garcia etal xx Although thestudies reviewedabove focuses on PFW noneof themhave analysesthe techniquestorecoverpackaging fromPFWafter asorting phase Consequently the descriptionof theunpackingandsortingprocessesarenotdealtwithinthesepapers PFW consistingof expiredor wastedproducts fromretailers Thepresentpapertriestobridgethisgapofknowledg ebyproposinganinnovative systemof sorting unpacking inventory managementandtrack ofPFWandevaluating itsenvironmentalimpact 2 2 EOLvalorisation of packagingAsthe LCAanalysis focuseson the valorisationof packagingmaterials separatedfrom FW this sectionreviews thestudiesrelating to theEOLvalorisation optionsof differentpackagingmaterials Table1summarises someof the main worksconcern ingthe valorisationof packagingmaterials again onatimespanfromxxto2018 later onwe willrefer to the mostrecent anddetailedworks related to thevalorisationof thedifferent typesofpackaging materials The articleshavebeenretrieved bycarryingout aquerywiththe followingsetofkeywords packaging and end of life This queryreturned169articles and31of themarestrictly relatedto theEOLmanagementof packagingmaterials Aording toLiiardello xx food packagingsustainabilitycan beachieved atthree levels 1 at rawmaterial level by usingrecycled materials andrenewable resources 2 at productionlevel using moreenergy efficientprocesses 3 at wastemanage ment level by reusing recycling andbiodegradation This paperthenfocusesonpoints1and3 analysing thefollowing materials Plastic Recycling isthe preferredsolution forplastic wastemanagement Polyethylene PE Polyethylene terephthalate PET Polypropylene PP etc because ithas alower environmentalimpactin severalimpact categoriesranging fromglobal warmingtohuman toxicityindicators Al Maaded etal xx The mainbenefitsarise from theavoidedproduction ofvirgin plastic asconfirmed bythe mostrecent articlesin thisfield Gu etal xx Malik etal xx Paper Aording to the literaturereviewed the worstoptionfor paperand cardboardwastemanagementis landfilling inpar ticular whenconsidering theimpact onclimate changepotentialand energydemand The parisonbetween recycling and in cineration ismore plex If weonly considerenergy demandandwaterconsumption recycling ispreferabletoincineration butthey areparable ifwe considerclimate change Compared tolandfill themain advantage ofincineration isthe substitutionoffossil fuels whereas incineratorsprovide heatand electricity Forrecycling the advantageare thewood resourcessaved which canbeused forproducing paperor generating energy i e from renew able fuel which doesnot contributeto globalwarming Merrild etal xx Glass the literatureregarding the treatment ofglass wasteislimited A possiblereason isthat theenergy requiredto processglasswasteisrelativelylowandthenglassrecyclingalmost alwaysprovestobea betteroption thanlandfill withrespect to theenvironmental impact Reuse aftercleaning couldbean optionG Vitale etal Sustainable Productionand Consumption14 2018 105 121107Table1List ofLCA studieson packagingEOLvalorisation Reference RegionPackaging materialanalysed EOLscenarioPaper PlasticCompositepackagingGlass AluminiumIron andsteelAl Maaded etal xx Qatar x RecyclingAlmeida etal xx Brazil x x x Recycling reuseArena etal xx UK x RecyclingDamgaard etal xx Denmark x x RecyclingDetzeland M nckert xx Germany x RecyclingFallah etal xx Iran x x x x xCombination oflandfill recycling incineration andpostingFerr o etal xx Portugal x x x x x x Recycling posting energyrecovery landfillFerreira etal xx Portugal x x x xx Recycling incineration landfillingGatti etal xx Brazil x RecyclingGhinea etal xx Romania xRecyclingGiugliano etal xx Italy xxxxRecycling posting energy recoveryGu etal xx China xRecyclingHopewell etal xx UK UE review x landfilling incineration down gauging reuse RecyclingJames xx UK xRecyclingKulczycka etal xx Poland xxxxxRecycling landfilling energy recoveryLarsen etal xx Denmark xRecyclingLaurent etal xx Review xxxxxxRecycling reuse use onland landfillingMalik etal xx India review x RecyclingMerrildetal xx Europe xxRecycling incinerationMeylan etal xx Switzerland xRecyclingMourad etal xx Brazil xRecyclingNiero etal xx Denmark xRecyclingPark andGupta xx Hawaii xRecycling incinerationPasqualino etal xx Spain xxxxRecycling incineration landfillingRigamonti etal xx Italy xxxxxRecycling incinerationRigamonti etal xx Italy xRecyclingRochat etal xx Colombia xRecyclingRomero Hern ndez etal xx Mexico xRecycling landfillingSchmidt etal xx Denmark xRecycling incineration landfillingToniolo etal xx Italy xxRecycling for PET incineration andlandfilling for multilayerplasticfilm Villanueva andWenzel xx Europe review xRecycling incineration landfillingXie etal xx China xLandfilling incineration paper recycling separation ofpolyethylenefrom aluminiumXie etal xx China xRecycling108G Vitale etal Sustainable Productionand Consumption14 2018 105 121for thismaterial incase ofbottles orcontainers however suchscenario couldbe profitableonly inpresence ofa reverselogisticssystem forglass recoveryand incase appropriatecleaning agentsareused so asto ensurea safereuse Almeida etal xx Energyrecovery fromglass isalso notpossible and thereforerecycling isthepreferred treatmentmethod Larseal xx Aluminium IronandSteel thelite ratureconcerningwastemetaltreatment showsthat recyclingsystems reduceall theenviron mental impactsconsiderably paredtoincineration anddis posalinlandfill The mainreason formetal recycling ferrous andnonferrousalike isthattheproductionofvirginmetalisextrem elyenergy intensive Scrap metalrecycling issignificantly lessenergydemanding for example aluminium recyclingonly uses5 of theenergyused toproduce virgin material Damgaard etal xx Compositepackaging PE AluminiumandPaperboard the litera ture aboutthetreatmentof positepackaging wasteis limited nevertheless the availablefindings confirmthat positepack aging wastetreatments impactingmost ontheenvironmentare in order landfill disposal incineration andrecycling Furthermore the lattertwo techniquesshow overallbeneficial effectson theenvironment Recycling isthe bestoption forsaving energy whileincineration isthebestoptionforemission reduction Xie etal xx 3 Materials andmethods3 1 Methodological approachTheLCAmethodologywas appliedaording to the principlesandrequirements providedby standards ISO14044 xx TheSimaPro release8 3LCA softwarewas usedto supportthe assess ment 3 2 Goal andscope definitionThepurpose ofthisworkistopare the environmentalimpacts ofan EOLprocess whichuses anew sortingsystem forpackagingmaterials derivedfrom PFW with thoseofatraditionaldisposal systemforPFW where the packagedfood products aredisposedofinlandfill usingtheLCA technique The twoscenariosconsidered refertothe foodwastedata collectedinxxin theEmilia Romagna region northern Italy 3 2 1 Functional unitThefunctional unitprovides areference unitfor whichtheinventory datais normalised ISO14040 xx The datarelat ingtothe amountofpackagedfood discardedwas derivedbymeans ofdirect contactswith63retail storesof varyingsizes 6hypermarkets 26supermarkets and31minimarkets distributedacross theEmilia Romagnaregion The retailstores involvedin theSORTproject wereinterviewed betweenJune andJulyxx Basedon theinterviews it was appraised thatretailers of the regionwastedabout14 600tons ofpackagedfoodinxx A quotaof300tons year wasremoved fromthis amount as itcorresponds totheamount of wastedfooddonated to charity purposesin theEmiliaRomagna region This amounthasbeenestimated startingfrom anationalvalue of4103tons year Avvenire xx Based onthedata collected the foodwasted atretailstorescan becategorisedin thefollowing groups bakery 14 69 coffee 0 09 drinks 0 25 fish 0 68 frozen foods 0 13 meat 27 63 milk anddairyproducts 29 35 pasta 3 05 ready made food 3 39 salami 2 34 sauces 0 56 fruits andvegetables 9 38 other 8 46 Againonthebasisofthedatac ollected theaverageweightof the PFW wasestimated to aount forca 0 5kg Aording tothein field studycarriedout in theUK byWRAP xx primary packagingaounts for13 8 in weight on aver age of thepackagedfoodproduct donatedtocharityfor humanconsumptioninxx WRAP estimatedin factthat out of5800tons ofthe donatedpackagedfoodabout800tons ispackaging Applying thesame ratio we estimatedthatthe13 8 of14 300tons ofPFW i e 1973tons consist ofpackagingmaterialwastedtogether withthe expiredfoodproducts Therefore the functionalunitof allthe scenarioanalysed is1973tons ofpackaging waste which aordingtothedata providedby FISEUNIRE PET 7 14 Other plasticmaterials such as PP polystyrene PS and polyvinylchloride PVC 8 76 Paper basedmaterialswhichaountfor29 79 oftheover all amountofwaste Glass 26 24 Aluminium 1 35 Iron andsteel 9 65 Composite packaging 3 10 For thenew scenario several EOLtreatments for the differentpackagingmaterials wereevaluated by considering thereal sce nario ofthe Italianpackaging endoflife recycling recovering orlandfillingsystems intheyearsxx xx Tothisend asdefinedinspecificItalianconsortia thequantit yofeachpackagingmaterialseparatedfromthefoodwastewasdivided intothreedifferentEOLdestinations as shownin Table2 3 2 2 System boundariesand assumptionsThecase studyexamined inthis paperconcerns packagedfoodproducts wastedin retailand distributionsystems in EmiliaRo magna This studyonly targetsthe primarypackaging thatcan beseparatedfrom theFW Fig 1 The valorisationoptionsoftheseparated FWis underev