定语从句之我见

定语从句专题定语从句专题 葛诵志 绪论 定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目 它是高考必考的语法内容 它 在句子中的出现频率很高 对于正确的理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用 定语从句分 为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句在句子中的作用相当于一个形容词 起着 定语 的作用 修饰说明名词 代词或 句子的全部内容 通常在修饰的词语 即先行词 之后 由关系词引导 要学好定语从句 做好定语从句有关的试题 就必须理解透 关系词 具有的三种功能 1 连接功能连接功能 相当于一个连词 连接主句与从句 引导定语从句 2 指代功能指代功能 在定语从句中 指代 先行词 3 语法功能语法功能 在定语从句中充当且必须充当句子成分 关系词依其在定语从句中的功能 又分为关系代词和关系副词两种 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语 定语 表语与宾语 关系副词在其中充当状语 关系代词 which that who whom whose as 关系副词 when where why 第一讲第一讲 关系代词的应用关系代词的应用 其中 要正确使用关系代词就必须掌握和区分其指代功能和语法功能 主语宾语表语定语 指人Who that Whom who thatthatwhose 指物Which thatWhich thatthatwhose 可省 1 关系代词 who that 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是人时用 who 或 that 关系代词在从 句中作主语时用 who that 作宾语时用 whom 但在口语中常用 who 代替 Eg The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada The boy who broke the window is called Jack The girl we met yesterday is Lilei s sister He is the man whom that I visited last week 2 关系代词 which that 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是物的时候 用关系代词 which that which 和 that 可以在从句中充当主语也可以充当宾语 that 还可以用来指人 且可在定语从句中做表语 Eg They planted the trees which that don t need much water The fish which that we bought were not fresh A plane is a machine that can fly 3 关系代词 whose 既可以用于指人的先行词 又可以用于指物的先行词 在定语从句中作 定语 whose 的意义相当于先行词的所有格 可换由 n of which whom 代替 Eg The World Wide Fund for wildlife is an organization whose aim is to protect wildlife A story I read several years ago whose title I can t remember clearly now changed my idea about money 注 关系词指物的时候 只用注 关系词指物的时候 只用 that 不用不用 which 的情况 的情况 1 当先行词是 everything anything nothing few little all some much 等不定代词时 或由不定代词修饰时 Eg All that can has been done Is there anything that I can do for you He told us all that he had done Tell me everything that he had done 2 当先行词被 every both the only all the very no any little much some 修饰时 Eg This is the very book that I have been looking for The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest And then I watched all the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor 但指人的时候不受限制 Eg I was the only person in my office who that was invited 3 先行词被序数词 形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词 形容词最高级时 Eg He was the first person that passed the exam This is the best way that can solve the problem 4 当先行词既包括人又包括物时 Eg The film star and her film that you have just talked about 4 当主句是以 who which what 开头的疑问句 为避免重复 用 that Eg Which is the book that you want Who is the man that was talking to you 6 当先行词在定语从句作表语时 先行词无论是人还是物 Eg China is no longer the country that she was 7 被修饰词为数词 只用 that 8 如果两个从句 其中一个关系代词用 which 另一个用 that 以避免重复 Eg He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before 9 主句是 there be 结构 修饰其主语的定语从句用 that 注意 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时 从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数由先行词决定 Eg He is one of the students who are interested in drawing He is the only one of the students who is interested in drawing 注 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时 从句中的谓语动词用单数还是复数由先行词决定 Eg He is one of the students who are interested in drawing 他是对绘画感兴趣的学生之一 He is the only one of the students who is interested in drawing 他是唯一一个对绘画感兴趣的学 生 one 由 the only 修饰 且先行词在定语从句中做主语 从句的谓语动词用单数 注 只用注 只用 which 不用不用 that 的情况的情况 1 非限制性定语从句中 2 关系代词前有介词时 3 先行词本身是 that 时 4 先行词后有插入语时 第二讲第二讲 关系副词以及介词关系副词以及介词 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 1 由 where 和 when 引导的定语从句 1 定语从句在修饰一个表示地点的先行词 且且先行词在定语从句中担当地点状语用 where 来引导 Eg A booking office is a place where tickects are sold where 是关系副词 在从句中做地点状语 其作用相当于一个介词短语 在本句中等于 in the place 所以上例可改为 A booking office is a place in which tickets are sold 因此定语从句中的 where 等于 介词 which Eg This is the house where in which he lives This is the house which he lives in 注意 1 不要因为先行词是表示地点或处所的名词 就不加分析地一律用 where 来引导定 语从句 而必须要看清楚关系词在从句中充当何种成分 只有做地点状语才可以用 where 做主语或宾语的时候要用 that 或 which Eg This is the place where I once lived This is the place that which I once visited This is the hospital where my mother works This is the hospital which that we visited the day before yesterday 2 抽象地点类先行词后的定语从句抽象地点类先行词后的定语从句 当先行词为 stage situation point case 等词且关系词在从句中作状语 这时用 where 引 导定语从句 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other 他们已经到了必须分手的地步 I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but can t write a good essay 我能想出许多这样的场合 很显然学生知道许多英语词汇但是却写不出一篇好文章 2 当先行词是表示时间的名词 且且从句中缺少一个时间状语 此时 when 作为引导词引导一 个定语从句修饰先行词 Eg I still remember the year when we studied together He has told me the day when he will come 以上两个句中是关系副词 在定语从句中做时间状语 其作用也相当于一个 介词 which 因此上例也可改为 I still remember the year in which we studied together He has told me the day on which he will come 注意 关系词虽然代替的是时间 如果在从句中做主语或宾语时 仍然用 which that 做宾 语时还可以省略 Eg I ll never forget the days when I worked with him I ll never forget the days that which I spent with him 3 由 why 引导的定语从句 1 关系副词 why 的先行词只有 reason 且且在从句中做原因状语 Eg Do you know the reason why he left early 引导词在定语从句中做状语 等于 for which Do you know the reason for which he left early 2 关系词在从句中做宾语时 即使先行词为 reason 仍要用 which 或 that Eg The reason that which he gave us was unacceptable 4 以 way 为先行词的限制性定语从句且先行词在定语从句中做方式状语通常用 that 或 in which 引导 这时 that 或 in which 的作用相当于关系副词且在非正式文体中 通常省略 that 或 in which Eg The way in which that you answered the questions as admirable I don t like the way in which that you laugh at her 注 请观察以下句子 The way that which he explained to us was quite simple 5 介词 关系代词引导的定语从句 介词 关系代词引导的定语从句多用于非正式文体中 能做这种用法的关系代词有 which 物 whom 人 且不能省略 由关系副词 when where why 引导的定语从句常可以用 介词 关系代词 来替换 Eg This is the person from whom I learnt the mews There are fifty students in class four of whom John is the most diligent The speed at which light travels is 300 000km per second 注意 注意 1 这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾 这时的关系代词也可省略 这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾 这时的关系代词也可省略 Eg This is the person whom you are going to work with 2 如何选用结构中的介词有以下三个方法 如何选用结构中的介词有以下三个方法 1 根据先行词来选择介词 Eg I still remember the day on which I joined the league I still remember the days during which I lived in the country I still remember the years in which I stayed there The train on which she is traveling is arriving The pencil with which I wrote my homework was broken 2 根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配 Eg This is the book on which I spent five yuan This is the book for which I paid five yuan This is the book from which I learnt a lot This is the book in which there are few new words This is the book about which Tom often talks In the dark street there wasn t a single person to whom she could turn for help 3 根据句子的意义来选择 Eg The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter The clever boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what was going on inside the house 3 介词在定语从句中的位置 一般有两种情况 介词在定语从句中的位置 一般有两种情况 1 一些介词既可以放在关系代词前面 也可以放在从句中 Eg The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner The lady whom he was dancing with stepped on his foot The lady with whom he was dancing stepped on his foot 2 在含有介词的短语动词中 介词一般不前提 Eg Is this the watch which he is looking for The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now The old woman who needs to be taken care of has no children 4 复合介词短语 关系代词复合介词短语 关系代词 which 引导的定语从句 这种结构引导的定语从句常与先引导的定语从句 这种结构引导的定语从句常与先 行词用逗号分开 定语从句常用倒装语序 行词用逗号分开 定语从句常用倒装语序 He lived in a big house in front of which stood a big tall tree They arrived at a farmhouse in front of which sat a small boy 5 介词 介词 where 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 有时我们可以见到 介词 where 引导的定语从句 此时要和 介词 which 引导的定 语从句从意思上加以区别 His head soon appeared out of the window from where he saw nothing but trees 他的头很快从窗口探了出来 从那里除了树木他什么也看不到 from where 相当于 from out of the window 而不是 from the window China is the birth place of kites from where kite flying spread to Japan Korea Thailand and India 中国是风筝的故乡 从这里放风筝传到了日本 朝鲜 泰国和印度 第三讲第三讲 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 1 形式不同形式不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词一般用逗号隔开 翻译是也往往译成一个句子 非限制性定语 从句与其先行词一般用逗号隔开 翻译时常常译成两句 Eg She heard a terrible noise which brought her heart into her mouth I will never forget the days which we spent together 2 功能不同功能不同 限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切 它限制了先行词的意思 去掉从句 剩余部分 的意思往往不完整 甚至失去意义 非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明 如去掉 句子剩余部分意思仍然完整 Eg His brother who works in Shanghai will come here tomorrow 不止一个弟弟 His brother who works in Shanghai will come here tomorrow 仅有一个弟弟 There is nothing in the world that can frighten the Chinese people Then he met Mary who invited him to a party 3 先行词不同先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词 非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是 单个的名词或代词 也可以是整个句子或其中一部分 Eg Mike sold the house which made his father very angry 注 使用非限制性定语从句需要注意的问题 注 使用非限制性定语从句需要注意的问题 1 1 that 通常不能用来引导非限制性定语从句 使用非限制性定语从句时 如果先行词指人 可用 who whom whose 来引导 先行词指物 也可用 which as 先行词表示时间或地点可用 when where 来引导 它们在从句中作时间或 地点状语 Eg We ll graduate in July when we will be free Once more I am in Boston where I have not been for ten years I ve decided to get the book the cover of which looks quite beautiful She has two daughters both of whom become doctors 2 关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中做宾语时 可用 who 代替 但在非限制性定语 从句中做宾语时通常不可用 who 代替 若介词前提 无论在限制性定语从句还是非限制性 定语从句中 其后必须用 whom Eg This is the girl whom I met in the street The young man had a new friend whom he wanted to impress 3 引导限制性定语从句的关系词 在从句中做宾语时 在口语中可以省略 引导非限制性 定语从句的关系词 即使在从句中做宾语也不能省略 Eg This is the book which that he lost yesterday The book which he lost yesterday has been found 注意 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句无论是在形式上 用法上还是在意义上都有一 定的区别 同样一个句子 用限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句来表达 意义也是完全 不同的 2 which 与 as 的选择 1 which 与 as 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句 来指代整个句子的内容 非限制性定语 从句位于句尾 且或在从句中做主语 宾语或表语时 两者可以互换 Eg He failed in the exam which as was natural He is an honest boy which as anybody can see The man seemed a German which as in fact he was 2 which 与 as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 A 如果非限制性定语从句位于主句之前或插入主句之中时 只能用 as eg As we have seen oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth The kind of computer as is well known is out of date B 定语从句中的动词若为下列动词时如 see know observe expect point out etc 只能用 as Eg As we all know as is well known as was expected ect As is announced in the newspaper our country has launched another manmade satellite As has been said above grammar is a set of deal rules As Engels pointed out labour created man himself C 当先行词受到 such as the same 修饰时 Eg I have never seen such kind of people as they are These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected I received as nice a gift as my mother promised Do you want to buy the same radio as was shown on TV 注 注 1 当 当 the same 修饰先行词的句中 先行词与关系词在定语从句所指代的内容是指同修饰先行词的句中 先行词与关系词在定语从句所指代的内容是指同 一件东西时 关系词则需要用一件东西时 关系词则需要用 that Eg She was wearing the same dress that she had on the day before 2 such as 定语从句定语从句 像像 那样那样 as 做从句成份做从句成份 such that 状语从句状语从句 如此如此 以至于以至于 that 不做成份 不做成份 This is such an easy question as I can answer 定语从句 这是一个我能回答的简单问题 This is such an easy question that I can answer it 状语从句 这是个如此简单的问题 以至于我能回答它 D as 在从句中做主语 后面常跟行为动词的被动形式 which 在从句中做主语 后面常跟 行为动词的主动形式 Eg She has been late again as was expected It rained hard yesterday which prevented me from going to the park Kate always tells a lie which her parents find strange E 当从句与主句的语义一致时用 as 表 正如 反之用 which 主句 从句皆为肯定句 否则多要用 which Eg He is honest as we expected He isn t honest which we expected The elephant is like a snake which is not right 3 关系代词和关系副词的选择 在非限制性定语从句中 关系代词和关系副词的选择方法和限制性定语从句一样 引导词 在从句中做主语 宾语 定语和表语时用关系代词 做状语时用关系副词 4 关系代词和人称代词 指示代词的选择 选关系代词还是人称代词 关键是分清句子结构 如果是非限制性定语从句 两句中用逗 号隔开 且无连词 用关系代词 如果是并列句 全句中有连词 两句中间为句号或分号 用人称代词或指示代词 Eg Bill who was here yesterday asked me a lot of questions Bill was here yesterday and he asked me a lot of questions His wife who you met at my home is a worker His wife is a worker and you met her at my home 第四讲第四讲 定语从句分类正误例析定语从句分类正误例析 1 成分重复成分重复 误 The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968 正 The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968 析 别忘记定语从句的关系词一定要在定语从句中充当某一成分 误句中关系词 where 在 从句中做状语用 意为 在那工厂 再用 there 就重复状语了 又如 Who is the man that you talked to him just now 应改为 Who is the man that you talked to just now that 在从句中 做宾语用 意为 那个人 him 是多余的 及 I ll give you the book which you ll find it interesting 定语从句中的 it 是多余的 因为 which 已经代表了 the book 在定语从句中做了 find 的宾 语 不能又 it 来做它的宾语 2 关系词用错关系词用错 误 This is the right bookstore where we are looking for 正 This is the right bookstore which we are looking for 析 要弄清楚各个关系词在从句中所充当的成分 误句中的关系词应指 bookstore 而 where 在从句中只能做状语 因此是错误的 故关系副词 where 应改为关系代词 which 又 如 This is the boy whom was praised by Mr Jack yesterday 应改为 This is the boy who was praised by Mr Jack yesterday 关系代词在从句中做主语用 应把 whom 改为 who 3 主谓矛盾主谓矛盾 误 Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong 正 Can you show me the book which has been translated into English by Xiao Hong 析 在定语从句中 当关系词为主语时 从句的谓语动词必须与先行词保持一致 而不是 与主句的主语相一致 应将 have been translated 改为 has been translated 4 缺关系代词缺关系代词 误 The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist 正 The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist 析 犯这种错误大致有两个原因 一是受汉语影响 把英语和汉语结构等同起来 二是没 弄清楚关系代词在定语从句中做主语是不能省略 5 漏掉介词漏掉介词 误 The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer 正 The woman whom I went to the concert with is a singer 析 该句的汉语意思是 和我一起去参加音乐会的那位女士是位歌唱家 根据句义 定语 从句中的关系代词 whom 应做介词 with 的宾语 如果漏掉介词 with 关系代词 whom 就无 处可放 也就无法解释了 又如 The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs 应改为 The man whom I talked to you about lives upstairs whom 做 about 的宾语用 故 about 不能漏掉 6 词语错位词语错位 误 The room in that she lives is a large one 正 The room that she lives in is a large one 析 在定语从句中 介词不能置于关系代词 that 之前 当介词放在从句后面时 that 也可 以用 也可以省略 例如 This is the question that we have had so much discussion about 注 意 含有介词的动词短语一般不可以拆开 不能说 The book for which he is looking was given by my brother 而应该说 The book which he is looking for was given by my brother 当然 在一般情况下 定语从句的关系代词 which 和 whom 做介词的宾语时 介词是可以置于 which 和 whom 之前的 例如 Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking The tool with which he is working is called a saw 7 定语从句与状语从句判断错误 定语从句与状语从句判断错误 A Here is such a big stone as no one can move B Here is so big a stone as no one can move C Here is such a big stone that no one can move it D Here is so big a stone that no one can move it 在 A B 句中 as 都在定语从句中做了 move 的宾语 as 是引导词 引导定语从句 而在 C D 句中 that 上作来引导状语从句的 E I ll go to the place where you stay F I ll go where you stay 在句 E 中 where 是引导定语从句 而在句 F 中 where 是引导在点状语从句的 8 定语从句与主语从句判断失误 定语从句与主语从句判断失误 A As is known to all they are sure to win B It s known to all that they are sure to win 在句 A 中 as 是关系代词 代表后面的整个句子做主句的主语 在句 B 中 it 是代词 代表 that 引导的句子做主句的主语 9 是定语从句还是同位语从句 是定语从句还是同位语从句 A We heard the news that pleased everyone B We heard the news that our term had won 在这里要认清楚定语从句的关系词在从句中起句子成份作用 而同位语的 that 不充当句子 成份 句 A 中的 that 就充当了从句中的主语 在句 B 中 that 却不在从句中充当任何成份 再者同位语从句引导词还可以由其他的词来引导 故在定语从句中 that 作主语 宾语或 表语 在同位语从句中 that 不作任何成分 如 C I have no idea what he going to do D I have no idea whether he will come E I have no ides where he will go F There are no signs that Charles is a rich man G They find signs that make them believe other humans before them have traveled to the Earth s center 10 看不出插入句部分 以为是定语从句 影晌句中动词的选择看不出插入句部分 以为是定语从句 影晌句中动词的选择 A I met a man who I thought to help us a would come b of coming c to come d come 许多学生一看 though 马上就想起 think of doing sth 而选了 c 然而在这里 I thought 是一个插 入成份 如果将其省掉就容易看出 who 是后面的主语了 同样 who 也不会用 whom 了 11 冠词处理不好冠词处理不好 学习者往往以为定语从句是对前面的名词有限定作用 那么则是特指了 先行词如有寇词 则一定是 the 了 其实不然 A A sailor is a man that works in a ship B He is the man that helped me yesterday 要知道 有的定语从句只是对前面的名词作说明或解释 句 A 的定语从句是对行词作说明 说水手是一种 人 那是泛指的 不用 the 而句 B 的定语从句是才特指的 C Is this factory you visited last year a the one c that c which d where D Is this the factory you visited last year a the one c that c who d where 1 2014 安徽