第八单元7篇： 古代学说及影响

第八单元第八单元 古代学说影响及传统古代学说影响及传统 本单元内容 1 儒家 1 篇 2 道家 1 篇 3 墨子 1 篇 4 集体观 1 篇 5 时间观 1 篇 6 友谊观 1 篇 7 谦虚观念 1 篇 I 儒家儒家 Confucianism focuses on moral and ethnic education as well as self cultivation of an individual rather than punishment It holds that the development of education and less punishment is a necessity to national stability and happy life If everyone could receive education and enlightenment the whole nation would become civilized and the people would have higher morality Meng Zi 370BC 286 B C known as Mencius and born in State Zou around the modern day county level city of Zoucheng Shandong province was a Confucian disciple who made major contributions to the humanism of Confucian thought Mencius declared that man was by nature good so he expostulated that a ruler could not govern without the people s tacit consent and that the penalty for unpopular despotic rule was the loss of the mandate of heaven Mencius was the synthesizer and developer of applied Confucian thought 译文译文 儒家思想强调道德和论理教育 强调个体的自我修养而非惩罚 儒家思想认为 发展 教育和尽量避免惩罚是国泰民安的必要条件 如果人人能够接受教育和启蒙 那么全国都 会文明开化 道德水平就会提高 孟子 公元前 370 286 出生于邹国 今天山东省邹城县级市附近 是孔子的门生 对儒家的人文主义思想做出了主要的贡献 孟子说人性本善 所以他说 没有人民的同意 统治者不可以统治 并说 不受人欢迎的暴君 将惩罚其失去天运 孟子是应用性儒家思 想的整合者和发展者 II 道家道家 Lao Zi 600 470 B C also known as Lao Dan a great thinker and philosopher of Confucius contemporaries was a man from the State of Chu who was probably born before Confucius by scores of years He had been a low ranking official looking after the library in the palace of the Zhou Dynasty While he was at the job he engaged in philosophical studies and came to the conclusion that the universe consisted of sky earth humanity and what he called 道 Tao or natural laws paths or ways He believed that Tao is a priori which is the source of everything else in the universe Growing much discontented with the actual conditions of society in his later years he felt a strong nostalgia for the bygone days so he hoped for a return to the primitive social conditions where people could live in a world without wars and disparities He composed 道德经 Dao De Jing or the Taoist Teachings by Lao Zi and thus is considered the founder of Taoism in China Taoism tries to explain the nature the source composition and the changes of the world It believes that everything is a natural occurrence there is no god nor immortal that has the power to control the world that people should let everything be what it is and that the best way for a government to make the nation better is to do nothing In fact what Taoism focuses on is to strive for harmony between all the things 译文译文 老子 公元前 600 470 又名老聃 是和孔子同时代的伟大的思想家和哲学家 楚国 人 可能比孔子大很多岁 老子是周朝负责皇宫图书馆的一个小官 在工作之余 从事哲 学研究 并逐渐得出结论 宇宙由天 地 人和他所说的 道 天道或自然规律等 构成 他认为道是本体 是宇宙万物之源 在其晚年 老子对当时的社会状况越来越不满 便对 过去的日子产生强烈的怀旧 希望能回到原始社会的状态 使人们可以生活在没有战争和 争执的世界里 他写了 道德经 被看作是中国道教的鼻祖 道家学说尝试解释大自然 世界的起源 组成和变化 道教认为万物皆自然现象 没 有任何神或神仙掌控这个世界 人类应该一切都随其自然 政府治理国家最好的办法就是 无为 实际上 道家学说强调的是在万物之间实现和谐 III 墨子墨子 Mo Zi 470 391 B C also Mo Di from State Song was another great thinker in Chinese history Advocating that all men are equal before God and all action must be utilitarian Mo Zi believed that people with ability should be elevated and that the good be rewarded and the evil be punished He maintained that the people should obey their leaders the leaders should follow the will of heaven and that mankind should follow heaven by practicing universal love the love for all without discrimination which was totally different from the concept of benevolence taught by Confucius 译文译文 墨子 公元前 470 391 又名墨翟 宋国人 中国历史上另一个伟大的思想家 墨 子倡导 上帝面前人人平等 人的行为皆为功利 他认为 有能力的人应该得到提拔 应 该惩恶扬善 他倡议 人们应该服从领导 领导应该服从天的意志 人应行博爱 无偏见 地去爱所有的人 而循天意 这些都与孔子 仁 的概念完全不同 IV 集体观集体观 Collectivism stresses the interdependence among members of a community and the sense of the collective whole thus the collective interest is all the time above the individual s Chinese people have collectivist orientations and thus been labeled as we cultures which stresses uniformity and conformity To achieve and keep uniformity and conformity all the members must cooperate with one another for a common goal and have harmonious relations inside the group and the collective interest should be all the time over the top of any individual s Thus the survival of the group is more important than that of an individual member every individual is conceived to be linked in a web of interrelatedness and the individual s identity is defined in terms of the qualities that the group emphasizes All in all Chinese collectivism emphasizes cooperation and harmony inside the group and any success will be considered the result of collective effort Perhaps this is why Chinese people often see self assertive behaviors as embarrassing and undignified 译文译文 集体主义强调社会成员之间的相互依存和集体的整体感 因此集体利益总是高于个人 利益 中国人具有集体主义定向 因此被称为 集体文化 强调一致性和统一性 要保持一 致性和统一性 所有成员必须为了共同的目标相互合作 团体内部关系融洽 无论何种情 况 集体利益都将永远高于个人利益 因此 团体的存在都比任何个体成员的存在重要 每一个个体都与相互依存的关系网络相关 每一个体的身份都通过团体所强调的品质而确 定 总而言之 中国的集体主义强调团体内部的合作和关系的和谐 任何一个成功都是集 体努力的结果 或许这就是为什么中国人经常认为 自作主张的行为是令人尴尬的 是不 体面 V 时间观时间观 In Confucian philosophy time is the ceaseless passing of things and events as Confucius standing by a stream once said It passes on like this never ceasing day or night Like the stream time has a definite past but an indefinite future The Taoists Lao Zi 600 BC 470 BC and Zhuang Zi 369 BC 286 BC believed that time travels in a circle but each circle being in its own in nature has a definite past It would seem that time does repeat itself in a cycle in the sense that all must return to the beginning But each return to the beginning brings a change and transformation so there is constant movement in nature nothing is final In summary the Chinese traditionally perceive time as a dynamic wheel in circular movement Time for Chinese is more flexible and more human centered On one hand they may schedule several activities at the same time thus it is not that important to be punctual and it is acceptable and even desirable to be late since exact times and even exact dates are not really meaningful One the other hand Chinese in a collectivist prospective usually put interpersonal relations above the schedule so that they won t care if someone interrupts them during their work time or even during their break time To them all time is the same They will for example be glad to stop what they are doing to talk to someone or take a phone call or to send email 译文译文 在儒家学说中 时间是事情或事件无止境的流失过程 正如孔子有次站在水边所说 逝者如斯夫 不舍昼夜 过去的时间有界 而未来无界 就像河流一样 道家的老子 和庄子认为 时间是一种循环 每次循环在本质上都不相同 已过去的循环都是有界的 于是乎 时间的循环都是重复 一切都必须回到起点 但每次回归都会引起变化或改变 因此大自然总是运动的 一切都是在变化着的 概括而言 中国人传统上把时间看作是不 停运动的轮子 对中国人来说 时间是可变的 更是以人为中心的 一方面 中国人可能同时计划好 几项活动 因为准确的时间 甚至准确的日期 意义不大 因此守时就不那么重要了 迟 到也是可以接受的 甚至更好 另一方面 从集体角度来看 中国人通常将人际关系看得 比日程更重要 因此 他们并不介意在工作时间甚至休息时间有人打扰 对他们而言 所 有的时间都是一样的 例如 他们会很高兴停下正在做的事情跟人说说话 接接电话 或 发发电子邮件 VI 友谊观友谊观 Chinese friendship refers to the cooperative and supportive relationship between two or more persons involving mutual understanding faithfulness respect affection and similar tastes along with a degree of giving service to one another in times of need or crisis In many cases most people may expect their friends to do something for them when they are in need and they also may often feel obligated and a duty to do things for their friends Due to the closeness between friends to get help one can feel free to tell the other what he she should do so people usually tend to make more direct requests to their friends and sometimes they may sound rude and demanding when they intend to sound friendly 译文译文 中国式友谊指两个或更多人之间合作性和支持性关系 除了在需要或危机时相互帮忙 之外 还涉及到相互理解 相互忠诚 相互尊重 相互的感情以及相似的品味 在很多情 况下 当有需要时 大多数人都会期盼朋友帮忙 他们也会觉得自己有义务去为对方做事 由于朋友间的这种亲密感 需要帮助时 一个人总是会很随便地告诉对方自己需要对方做 些什么 所以 想表明友谊时 他们总是倾向于向朋友更直接地提出自己的要求 甚至有 时会显得很无礼 VII 谦虚观念谦虚观念 Modesty another traditional virtue is mainly composed of the following elements first to know oneself accurate