(精品)初中英语长难句——语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

1 初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法 从句 I arrived in London on a foggy day to go to a very important meeting The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them The meeting would begin at 9 00 so I decided to go there on foot Minutes later I was completely lost I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time Then I heard a young man s voice coming out of the fog I suppose you are lost Can I help you I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting Afterward I told him where I wanted to go took his arm and we started We walked quite fast turning corners and crossing roads As I followed him through the dark streets I wondered why he found his way so easily I know this part of London quite well he said But in such a fog it s impossible to see anything I said I am blind sir he answered In the fog it is exactly the same for me as usual 在英语语法中 按照句子结构 英语句子主要可以分为三种类型 简单句 并列句和复 合句 1 简单句简单句 最基本的句子类型 一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构 Eg My uncle gives me a camera 2 并列句并列句 由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的 通常用并列连词 来连接两个或两个以上的句子 Eg Jim went to the party last night but his wife didn t Study hard and you will make progress 3 复合句复合句 由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句 从句有相应的连词引导 组成的句子 因此 复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构 完整的句子 句子与句子之间用连接 词连 接 其中 主句部分可以独立存在 但从句担当了主句某一句子成分 故通常不能独 立存在 根据从句在句子中充当的成分 可以将其分为 6 类 即主语从句 表语从句 宾 语从句 同位语从句 定语从句和状语从句 从句的本质 2 名词性从句 1 主语从句主语从句 而不是用单词或短语来充当主语 eg 1 What you need is more practice 2 When the meeting will be held has not been announced 3 That he will not attend the meeting is clear 4 Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown 注 注 有时 为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻 通常用代词 it 做形 式主语 而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面 例如 1 It is clear that he will not attend the meeting 2 It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good 主语从句引导词 连词 that 在从句中不担任成分 本身没有词义 连词 whether 意思是 是否 连接代词 what whatever who whoever which 等引导 连接副词 when where how why 等引导 2 表语从句 表语从句 跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语 eg 1 That is what I want to say what 在从句中充当 不能省略 2 My opinion is that we should make a decision right now that 只引导 本身无词义 在从句中也不充当任何句子成分 可以省略 3 The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident who 在从句中当 不能省略 4 What I want to know 从句 is who is in charge of the work 从句 用于引导 从句的 what 和引导 从句的 who 都不能省略 5 It looks as if it s going to rain looks 是系动词 3 宾语从句 宾语从句 在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语 引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样 是 that whether if who whoever which when where how why what whatever 等 例如本文中出现的几 个宾语从句 1 I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time 第 句是 thought 的宾语从句 第 句是 explain 的宾语从 句 2 I suppose you are lost 这是 suppose 的宾语从句 省略了 that 3 Afterward I told him where I wanted to go took his arm and we started 3 这是 told 的宾语从句 充当间接宾语 引导词 where 在从句中充当状语 4 I wondered why he found his way so easily wondered 的宾从 why 在从句中充当状 语 另外另外 宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外 还可以跟在介词的后面 充当介词的宾 语 Eg Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes 充当介词 except 的宾语 What we should take with us 主语从句 depends on where we ll stay 充当介词 on 的宾语 在使用宾语从句时 要注意 在使用宾语从句时 要注意 1 宾语从句的时态 当主句是过去时的某种时态时 从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态 Eg The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years 但如果主句是现在的时态 则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定 Eg I am glad that you passed the exam 2 that 在引导宾语从句通常都省略 如上文中的第 句 3 如果主句中 it 做形式宾语 而 that 引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时 that 不能省略 Eg Many students take it for granted that their parents should do everything for them it 是形式宾语 that 引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语 不能省略 that 形容词性从句 5 定语从句 定语从句 在全句中相当于形容词相当于形容词 用来修饰先行词 即被 定语从句修饰的词 名词或代词 或修饰整个主句 定语从句属于非独立性从句 本身 不能独立存在 应该紧跟在它的先行词之后 根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度 定语从句 分为两类 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 由关系代词 who whom whose which that as 或关系副词 when where why 引导的从句 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 与先行词的关系密切 如果将定语从句删掉 那么剩下的主句部分就 会含混不清 另外 限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号 如上文中 The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 对先行词做进一步的解释或说明 如果删除掉 不影响整个句子的 基本意思 通常用逗号与主句部分分开 例如 4 1 A student whose name I don t know comes to see you 2 They will fly to London where they plan to stay for a week 3 Tom didn t pass the maths exam which made his parents angry 4 One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live 分析 在上文第 句 The place where the meeting was going to be held was on the other side of the town 中 主句部分是 The place was on the other side of the town 由关系副词 where 引导的从句 where the meeting was going to be held 是表示地点的先行词 the place 的定语 引 导词 where 在从句中充当地点状语 相当于 in the place 注注 1 需要注意的是 当先行词是表示地点的名词时 引导词可以是关系代词 that 或 which 但有时也用关系副词 where 例如 1 This is the place which that we visited last year 2 This is the place where I once worked 具体区别在于 引导词 that 或 which 是关系代词 在从句中要充当主语或宾语 在第 1 句中 which that 在定语从句中相当于 做 的 语 而引导词 where 是关系副词 在定语从句中只能担当状语 如第 2 句中 where 做 的 语 相当于 从句可以理解为 注注 2 另外 当先行词是表示时间的名词时 定语从句的引导词同样可以是 that 或 which 有时也用 when 其区别也是如此 that which 在定语从句中充当主语或宾语 而关 系副词 when 则在所引导的定语从句中充当时间状语 例如 1 We often think of the days which that we spent together on the island 2 We often think of the days when we worked together in the town 虽然这两个句子的先行词都是 the days 但是在第一句中 which that 相当于 在定语从句中做谓语动词 的 语 在第二句中 when 相当于 在定语从句中做 语 还有一个关系副词 why 可以用于引导限制性定语从句 其先行词只能是 reason why 指原因 在定语从句中只能做原因状语 例如 The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus 在上文的第 句中 I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting 主 句部分是 I was very glad to have a man 定语从句是由关系代词 who 引导的 其先行词是 a man 当先行词是人时 其定语从句的引导词可以是 who whom 也可以是 that 例如 Where is the man who whom that I saw yesterday 用于引导定语从句中引导词还有关系代词 whom whose which 和 as 其具体用法如下 5 1 whom 先行词必须是人 whom 在定语从句中只能做宾语 例如 He is the man whom I met yesterday 该句中的 whom 可以换成 who 或 that 也可以省略 who 和 that 在定语从句中可以充当 主语和宾语 因此 当定语从句的引导词在从句中担当宾语时 who that 和 whom 可以互 换 也可以省略 但是 如果在引导词前面出现了介词 则只能使用引导词前面出现了介词 则只能使用 whom 例如 I like my English teacher from whom I learn a lot 如果先行词是并列情况 既有人又有物时 只能用 that 例如 They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited 先行词既有人 teachers 又有物 schools 2 whose 相当于形容词性的物主代词 是唯一一个可以在所引导的定语从句中充当定语 的引导词 其先行词可以是物 也可以是人 例如 1 You are the only person whose advice he might listen to 先行词是人 2 I d like a room whose window faces south 先行词是物 3 which 其先行词只能是物 在定语从句中做主语或宾语 在做宾语时 可以省略 多 数情况下可以与 that 互换 例如 1 This is the photo which shows my little pet cat which 在定语从句中做主语 不能省略 可以换成 that 2 I ve lost the watch which I bought last week which 在定语从句中做 bought 的宾语 可以省略 可以换成 that 但是 which 可以引导非限制性定语从句 或指代前面整个主句的意思 而 that 却不可 以 eg They have three houses which are built of stone which 在引导一个非限制性定语从句 She married Tom which surprised everyone which 指 She married Tom 这件事 不能用 that 如果在表示物的先行词后面有介词 引导词不能用 that 只能用 which 例如 The train on which she was traveling was late 4 as 关系代词 常用于两个句型中 such as 像 一样的 the same as 和 同样的 其中 such 和 same 作定语 修饰主句中的名词或代词 先行词 as 在所引导的定语从句中担任主语 宾语和表语 例如 Such countries as lie in the Middle America are small in area such 修饰先行词 countries as 在所引导的定语从句中充当主语 He is not the same man as he was the same 修饰先行词 man as 在所引导的定语从句中充当表语 6 另外 as 还可以引导非限制性定语从句 所引导的定语从句可以位于主句的后面 也可 以位于主句的前面 用来指代整个句子或主句的一部分 并对其加以补充或说明 例如 This elephant is like a snake as which everybody can see which 在引导非限制性定语从句的 时候 只能放在主句的后面 As everybody can see this elephant is like a snake 副词性从句 6 状语从句 状语从句 可以修饰谓语或整个句子 可以表示地点 时间 原因 目的 结果 让步 方式 比较 条件等 时间状语从句 时间状语从句 常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有 when while as as soon as before after till until since directly immediately the moment second minute instant that 一 就 every time 每次 each time 每次 等 例如上文中的第 句 As I followed him through the dark streets I wondered why he found his way so easily Eg I ll tell him the news the minute he gets here I was watching TV when my mother came in Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don t know I ll speak to him as soon as he comes back The young man phoned his mother immediately he reached the university He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain 地点状语从句地点状语从句 常用于引导地点状语从句的连词有 where 和 wherever 例如 Where there is a will there is a way 原因状语从句 原因状语从句 常用于引导原因状语从句的连词有 because since now that as for 等 例如上文中的第 句话 All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them 目的状语从句 目的状语从句 常由连词 so that so that in order that 引导 例如 Eg He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam 结果状语从句 结果状语从句 常由连词 so that so that such that 等引导 例如 He spoke very clearly so that I understood him quite well 让步状语从句 让步状语从句 多由连词 though 虽然 although 虽然 even if 即使 even though 即使 while 然而 whereas 尽管 但是 等引导 例如 Although it is winter it is not very cold although 同于 though 注意不要与 but 连用 7 Even if it is raining we ll go 同于 even though They want a house whereas we would rather live in a flat 方式状语从句 方式状语从句 多由 as as if though 引导 例如 I have changed the plan as you suggest Out teacher loves us as if as though we were her children 从句中使用了虚拟语气 比较状语从句 比较状语从句 常用 than 和 as 引导 例如 This question is more difficult than I thought 条件状语从句 条件状语从句 由连词 if unless if not 如果不 given that 鉴于 如果 supposing that 假如 assuming that 假如 providing that 假如 等引导 例如 If it rains tomorrow we will not go to the park Unless he studies hard he will never pass the examination 注意 注意 if 引导的条件状语从句有两种情况 一种是表示可能成为现实的情况 即真实条 件句 但是如果假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性极小 可以说几乎没有时 就是非真 实条件句 即虚拟条件句 虚拟语气 结论结论 无论是哪一类从句 本质都是 必须是一个完整的句子 要具备完整的句子结 构 其次 必须有连词引起句子 第三 从句都应使用陈述语序 这是为什么呢 大显身手 大显身手 Directions There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section For each sentence there are 4 choices of words marked A B C and D Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences 1 Do you remember the day he fell off the tree A whichB thatC whenD where 2 It wasn t such a good dinner she had promised us A thatB whichC asD what 3 The baby didn t stop crying the mother came in A untilB whenC as soon asD as 4 You see the lightning it happens but you hear the thunder later A in the minuteB the minuteC for the minuteD on the minute 5 I have not found my book yet I am not sure I could have done with it A whetherB whyC whatD when 8 6 Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders will happen to her family A thatB whatC itD this 7 There is no doubt he will soon come A thatB whyC ifD whether 8 Don t go into that old house there are m