时态和语态教学案

英语高考专题复习讲与练 9 动词时态和语态 一 考点聚焦 1 动词时态考查要点简述 1 一般现在时考点分析 表示客观事实或普通真理 不受时态限制 The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun Water boils at 100oC 表示现状 性质 状态时多用系动词或状态动词 表示经常或习惯性的动作 多用 动作动词 且常与表频率的时间状语连用 Ice feels cold We always care for each other and help each other 表示知觉 态度 感情 某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时 see hear smell taste feel notice agree believe like hate want think belong seem 等 如 I know what you mean Smith owns a car and a house All the students here belong to No 1 Middle School 在时间 条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时 但要注意由 if 引导的条件 状语从句中可以用 shall 或 will 表 意愿 但不表示时态 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party my family will be pleased 如果你愿 意接受并参加我们的舞会 我的家人会非常高兴 少数用于表示起止的动词如 come go leave arrive fly return start begin pen close end stop 等常用一般 现在时代替将来时 表示一个按规定 计划或安排要发生的动作 当 be 表示根据时间或 事先安排 肯定会出现的状态 只用一般现在时 The shop closes at 11 00 p m every day Tomorrow is Wednesday 2 一般过去时的考点分析 考核重点 一般过去时的基本用法 表示过去的事情 动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状 语连用 或有上下文语境暗示 用于表达过去的习惯 表示说话人原来没有料到 想到 或希望的事通常用过去式 如 I met her in the street yesterday I once saw the famous star here They never drank wine I thought the film would be interesting but it isn t 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语 尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生 但从句中的 谓语动词连用过去式 如 He told me he read an interesting novel last night 表示两个紧接着发生的动作 常由以下词语连接 用一般过去时 如 but and when as soon as immediately the moment the minute The moment she came in she told me what had happened to her He bought a watch but lost it 常用一般过去时的句型 Why didn t you I think of that I didn t notice it I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before I didn t recognize him 3 一般将来时考点分析 表示未来的动作或状态常用 will shall 动词 常与表示将来的时间状语边用如 tomorrow next week 等 表示一种趋向或习惯动作 We ll die without air or water 表示趋向行为的动词如 come go start begin leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示 将来时 be going to 与 will shall be to do be about to do 用法及区别 be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事 这种打算往往经过事先考虑 甚至 已做了某种准备 shall will do 表示未事先考虑过 即说话时临时作出的决定 be going to 表将来 不能用在条件状语从句的主句中 而 will 则能 表意愿 如 If it is fine we ll go fishing 正确 If it is fine we are going to go fishing 错误 be to do sth 表按计划 安排即将发生的动作 还可表示吩咐 命令 禁止 可能性等 A meeting is to be held at 3 00 o clock this afternoon be about to do sth 表示 即可 就要 后面不能接时间状语或状语从句 Autumn harvest is about to start 4 现在进行时考点分析 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作 表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时 表近期 特定的安排或计划 go come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时 如 It is raining now He is teaching English and learning Chinese I am meeting Mr Wang tonight We are leaving on Friday At six I am bathing the baby I start bathing the bady before six The girl is always talking loud in public 与 always often 等频度副词连用 表经常反复 的行动或某种感情色彩 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时 A 表示心理状态 情感的动作 like love hate care remember believe want mind wish agree mean need B 表存在的状态的动词 appear exist lie remain seem belong to depend on C 表示一时性动作的动词 allow accept permit promise admit complete D 表示感官的动词 see hear notice feel smell sound taste look 5 过去完成时考点分析 考核重点 常用过去完成时的几种情况 A 在 by by the end by the time until before since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作 如 By the end of last year we had produced 20 000 cars The train had left before we reached the station B 表示曾实现的希望 打算 意图 诺言等 常用 had hoped planned meant intended though wanted expected 等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即 hoped planned to have done C 时间名词 before 在句子中作状语 谓语动词用过去完成时 时间名词 ago 在句中作状语 谓语动词用一般过去式 如 He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago D 表示 一 就 的几个句 型 Hardly No sooner Scarcely had 主语 过去分词 when than before 一般过去 时 如 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started No sooner had we been seated than the bus started 在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时 After he had left the room the boss came in We arrived home before it snowed 6 过去将来时考点分析 参照一般将来时对比 用 would do was were going to do sth 表过去将来 come go leave 等过去进行时表过去将来时 was were to do sth 和 was were about to do sth 表过去将来 7 过去进行时考点分析 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生 其中一个在由 when 或 while 引导的时间状语 从句中 8 现在完成时考点分析 现在完成时除可以和 for since 引导的状语连用外 还可以和下面的介词短语连用 during in over the last past few years months weeks in recent years 等 下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is has been 一段时间 since 从句 This That It is the first second time that 完成时 This That It is the only that 完成时 This that It is the best finest most interesting that 从句 完成时 在时间或条件状语从句中 现在完成时可以代替一般将来时 如 I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it If you have done the experiment you will realize the theory better Don t get off the bus until it has stopped 9 注意几组时态的区别 一般过去时与现在完成时 时间上有差异 凡有过去时间的均用过去时态 不能用 完成时态 如含有 ago last year just now the other day 等 结果上有差异 现在完成时强调的是对 现在 的影响和结果 动作到现在刚完成或还 在继续 一般过去时强调的是动作发生在 过去 和现在毫无关系 过去完成时与一般过去时 过去完成时强调的是 过去的过去 如出现同一主语连 续几个动作 连谓 形式则只用一般过去时即可 2 被动语态考查要点简述 被动语态的构成方式 be 过去分词 口语只也有用 get become 过去分词表示 被动语态的基本用法 不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态 强调或突出 动作的承受者常用被动语态 by 短语有时可以省略 1 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化 看下列例句 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday An interesting book was given to me by my friend on my birthday I was given an interesting book by my friend on my birthday 主动变被动时 宾补成主补 位置不变 作补语的 不定式前需加 to The boss made him work all day long He was made to work all day long by the boss 短语动词变被动语态时 勿要掉 尾巴 The children were taken good care of by her Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to 情态动词和 be going to be to be sure to used to have to had better 等结构变被 动语态 只需将它们后面的动词原形变为 be 过去分词 当句子的谓语为 say believe expect think know write consider report 等时 被动语态有两种形式 A 谓语动词用被动语态 动词不定式作主补 B 用 it 作形式 主语 真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示 如 People say he is a smart boy It is said that he is a smart boy He is said to be a smart boy People know paper was made in China first It is known that paper was made in China first Paper was known to be made in China first 类似句型有 It is said known suggested believed hoped thought that 2 不能用被动语态的几种情况 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中 表示状态的谓语动词 如 last hold benefit contain equal fit join mean last look like consist to 等 表示归属的动词 如 have own belong to 等 表示 希望 意图 的动词 如 wish want hope like love hate 等 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态 不能用被动语态 宾语是同源宾语 不定式 动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义 特别是当主语是物时 常见的动词有 sell write wash open lock 等 3 主动形式表被动意义 当 feel look smell taste sound 等后面接形容词时 当 cut read sell wear write 等词带状语修饰语时 当动词表示 开始 结束 关 停 转 启动 等意义时 This kind of cloth washes easily 这种布易洗 These novels won t sell well 这些小说不畅销 My pen writes smoothly 我的钢笔写起来很流畅 The door won t lock 门锁不上 The fish smells good 鱼闻起来香 当 break out take place shut off turn off work out 等动词表示 发生 关闭 制 定 等意思时 The plan worked out successfully The lamps on the wall turn off want require need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义 be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义 在 be 形容词 to do 中 不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语 用主动代被动 This kind of water isn t fit to drink The girl isn t easy to get along with 另外 be to blame 受谴责 be to rent 出租 也用主动形式表被动 4 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况 be seated 坐着 He is seated on a bench He seats himself on a bench 坐在凳子上 be hidden 躲藏 He was hidden behind the door He hid himself behind the door 他藏在门后 be lost 迷路 be drunk 喝醉 be dressed 穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt 5 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作 系表结构表主语的特点或状态 如 The book was sold by a certain bookstore 被动语态 The book is well sold 系表结构 二 精典名题导解 选择填空 1 Visitors not to touch the exhibits NMET 2001 A will request B are requested C are requesting D request 解析 答案为 B 此题的时态是不难判断的 因为说的是一条规定 所以用一般现在 时 而 visitor 与 request 之间是动宾关系 即 request visitors not to touch the exhibits 究竟是 谁要求他们这样做呢 不清楚 也不必知道 因此需要用被动语态 分析 visitors 与 request 之间的关系是此题的解题关键 2 Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology so rapidly NMET 2001 A is changing B has changed C will have changed D will change 解析 答案为 A 此题考查现在进行时态的用法 句意为 选择一部移动电话不是一件 容易的事 因为科技发展得十分迅速 本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况 而 科技发展迅速 也是现阶段正存在的一种状态 不是在过去 也不是在将来 因此只能用 现在进行时表达 3 All the preparations for the task and we re ready to start 2000 年春季高 考 A completed B complete C had been completed D have been completed 解析 答案为 D 现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响 从 and we re ready to start 句意可知 一切准备工作已经就绪 可以开始工作了 complete 是及物动词 与句子 的主语是被动关系 所以需要用被动语态表达 注意 分清 complete 与主语之间的关系 结合语境选择正确时态 动词的时态与语态动词的时态与语态 1 We could have walked to the station It was so near Yes A taxi at all necessary A wasn t B hadn t been C wouldn t be D won t be 2 When I got to the cinema the film for the minutes A has begun B had begun C had been on D was on 3 If city noises from increasing people shout to be heard even at the dinner table A are not kept will have to B are not kept have to C do not keep will have to D do not keep have to 4 In some parts of the world tea with milk and sugar A is serving B is severed C serves D served 5 Do you like the material Yes it vety soft A is feeling B felt C feels D is felt 6 I don t really work here I until the new secretary arrives A just help out B have just helped out C am just helping out D will just help out 7 You haven t been to Beijing have you How I wish to go there A Yes I have B Yes I haven t C No I have D No I haven t 8 It is reported that by the end of this year another school will A be built B have built C have been built D have be built 9 Hey look where you are going 0h I m terribly sorry A I m not noticing B 1 wasn t noticing C I haven t noticed D I don t notice 10 How are you today Oh I as ill as I do now for a long time A didn t feel B wasn t feeling C don t fee D haven t felt l1 Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while but soon to his old ways A returned B returns C was returning D had returned 12 All the preparations for the task and we re ready to start A completed B complete C had been completed D have been completed 13 He to the lab than he set out to do the experiment A has no sooner got B was supposed to C will no sooner get D have no sooner got 14 The train arrive at 11 30 but it was an hour late A would suppose B was supposed to C is supposed to D supposed to 15 He stepped into the office down and began to fill in the forms A sitting B to sit C sat D having sat 16 The little girl her heart out because she her toy bear and believed she wasn t ever going to find it A had cried 1ost B cried had lose C has cried has lost D cries has 1ost 17 Both my brothers work at the power station that at my home town A has set up B has been set up C was set up D is set up 18 Linda has 1ost her passport again It s the second time this A has happened B has been happened C happened D happens 19 Sorry I forgot to post the letter for you Never mind it myself tonight A I m going to post B I d better to post C I ll post D I d rather post 20 He his leg when he in a football match against another schoo1 A broke played B was breaking was playing C broke was playing D was breaking played 21 Where the recorder I Can t see it anywhere I it right here But now it s gone A did you put have put B have you put put C had you put was putting D were you putting have put 22 Hello I you in London How long have you been here A don t know were B hadn t known are C have known are D didn t know were 23 Come on Peter I want to show you something Oh how nice of you I you to bring me a gift A never think are going B never thought were going C didn t think were going D hadn t thought were going 24 All the teachers in this schoo1 are A clean dressing B cleanly dressing C clean dressed D cleanly dressed 25 When I was at college I three foreign languages but I all except a few words of each A spoke had forgotten B spoke have forgotten C had spoken had forgotten D had spoken have forgotten 26 Have you moved into the new house Not yet The rooms A are being painted B are painting C are painted D are being painting 27 Excuse me sir Would you do me a favor of course What is it I if you could tell me how to fill out this form A had wondered B was wondering C would wonder D did wonder 28 We haven t heard from Jane for a long