研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

READING COMPREHENSION TEST I 45 minutes 25 questions 4 points each Directions In this test there are five short passages Read each passage carefully and choose the best choice to answer the questions Passage One A study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating but that often teachers close their eyes to it The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L McCabe of Rutgers University New Jersey founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity This national association society of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to intended to fostering develop cultivate scholastic academic honesty According to the survey of 4 500 students cheating was found to be in full sway common with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating from copying homework to duplicating copying answers on tests Erika Karres an assistant education professor associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns rules for more than 30 years said Nowadays parents may make little of ignore their child s mistake by thinking he was cheating but it s not like he s taking drugs or she s pregnant As for teachers Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to press report the point Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records materials and statements And even if that meeting occurs parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes Still Furthermore she adds many teachers are wide awake on alert For example English teachers may check word clusters 字符串 on the Internet for signs of fraud cheating or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers No matter what the cheaters motives are educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to lead their wrongdoing offense With an Internet hook up cheating is just a click away Many U S colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and commitment to fundamental values of honesty trust fairness respect and responsibility 1 The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that A college authorities don t take cheating very seriously B college teachers encourage their students to cheat C cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the students D scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges 2 According to Erika Karres parents A don t think of cheating as their children s behavioral mistake B think that cheating is as bad as drug abuse C make little of their girls being pregnant D think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating 3 Teachers close their eyes to cheating because A they think it doesn t help to have a meeting discussing cheating problems B they don t want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidence C they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papers D they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers 4 Wide awake teachers can find cheating by A comparing the word groups in students writing with the ones on the Internet B comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmates C learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the Internet D checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers 5 Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges A College policies B Teachers encouragement C Parents negligence D The wide spread use of computer Passage Two The traditional final resting place for a discarded deserted computer is anywhere it will not be in the way in a closet cupboard under a lamp in the attic loft anywhere But there are a growing number of computer recycling options that do not take up space More important the new recycling programs projects do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin dustbin Computer makers Dell Gateway and Hewlett Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer The message is that whatever you do with your old computer don t throw it in the trash said Michele Glaze a Dell spokeswoman That s not an appropriate proper way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization recycle them for proper disposal trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well The company charges for shipping and handling U S 13 34 per item Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or if too old to be useful broken down to its key basic commodities steel aluminum copper and plastic at shredders the company has in Tennessee The form of recycling most folks will probably think of however is donating old computers to schools Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers monitors printers and so on re case them and send them to schools Old hardware however may not make it to school in one piece especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system When people ask Lorin Evans who runs Washington Apple Pi s computer recycling program where their computers will go he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts The beauty of the Mac is it s easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first he said 6 The new computer recycling programs are recommended most probably because A the old computers have blocked our way at home or in office B the new programs will save our space at home or in office C the useful computer components will not be thrown away D the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution 7 Computer companies collect old computers made by A their own companiesB other computer companies C computer makers in the U S D any computer makers 8 One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that A nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipment B the company has to pay for the storage space for the old parts C the company has to transport the returned equipment to Tennessee D it is very difficult to separate steel aluminum copper and plastic 9 Which of the following donation will reach the schools A Donations of all the second hand computers B Used computers which can run current systems C Donations of old operating systems D New computer cases 10 By saying The beauty of be operated on first in the last paragraph Lorin Evans means A it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apart B it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repaired C it is easy to know where to put the very old computers D old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose of Passage Three Crowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest as important as physical strength or watching the weather In a single day last week nearly 40 people reached the top of the world record Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8 848 meters 29 028 ft summit More traditional mountaineers sneer 嘲笑 at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous Overcrowding has already taken its toll In 1996 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms Bad weather in early May led to this year s jam on the summit ridge but the toll luckily was light Just four climbers died including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve firsts rather than simply climb the mountain This year s crop of summiteers included the oldest man 64 year old Sherman Bull from Connecticut and the youngest 16year old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail In the most spectacular feat Erik Weihenmeyer an American became the first blind person to reach the top of the world His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up describing the terrain and ringing bells Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow the government charges expeditions a minimum of 70 000 That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay was cancelled after violent strikes called by the Communist opposition Returning climbers who thought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome Tumultuous Nepali politics it seems could be just the crowd control measure that Everest needs 11 What is important to climbers on Mount Everest A Watching the weather B Making a final dash C Psychological adjustment D Group management 12 More accidents have happened in recent years due to A bad geographical conditionsB carelessness of the climbers C overcrowdingD snowstorms 13 Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to show A their courageB their diversity C their great achievementsD their common motivation 14 The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is A indifferentB welcomingC worriedD concerned 15 An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to A overcrowdingB political reasons C the returning of the climbersD the lack of crowd control measure Passage Four Americans and Japanese are different in many ways such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors and will only work within a given culture Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision making or direction taking and problem solving These characteristics are interrelated First in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan there is the you to you approach as distinguished from the Western I to you approach The difference is this in 1 to you each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view he states what he wants and what he expects to get Thus a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this The you to you approach practiced in Japan is based on each side automatically and often unconsciously trying to understand the other man s point of view and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding Thus the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony A second characteristic is based on consensus M 4tit opinion In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies To understand this it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country In Japan there is a drive for the group whether it is family company or Government to act as a unit Another characteristic is bottom up direction of management When I use the term bottom up I am referring to a style of management perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public or the labor force or other audiences The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue In other words Western style decision making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision 16 What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision making A Both of them are very complex B They are greatly affected by each other C Neither of them is superior to the other D They often go into confrontations 17 In Japan when people are trying to solve a problem they usually A present their ideas from their own point of viewB listen passively during the discussion C come into conflict with one anotherD consider other people s ideas 18 In the West a decision in an organization can be made when A a consensus is reachedB there is a lot of discussion C the workers are consultedD the top have their ideas 19 The expression keeping your finger on the pulse of the public in bold in Paragraph 8 has the closest meaning with A knowing the opinion of the publicB presenting the opinion of the public C judging the opinion of the publicD imposing an opinion on the public 20 This passage was most probably written by a A historianB politicianC sociologistD businessman Passage Five Probably the single largest group of economists in the U S in one way or another can be classified as liberal economists Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market However the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored Rather the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them the poor the elderly and the weak Additionally liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation unemployment and slow growth Thus although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even extremely objectionable Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds First these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending there are those who through no fault of their own they may be aged young weak physically or mentally h