新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋9 Language and Culture.ppt

Chapter9Languageandculture Whatisculture Inabroadsense culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople includingthepatternsofbelief customs institutions techniques languageandetc thatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity Inanarrowsense culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice beliefsorcustoms whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture enterprisecultureorfoodculture etc Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture materialandspiritual Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture Thesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground e g theword dog 2 Languageexpressesculturalreality reflectsthepeople sattitudes beliefs worldoutlooks etc 3 Theculturebothemancipates 解放 解脱 andconstrainspeoplesocially historicallyandmetaphorically 4 Culturealsoaffectsitspeople simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife 5 Ontheonehand asanintegralpartofhumanbeing languagepermeates 渗透 inhisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld andlanguagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality ontheother language asaproductofculture helpsperpetuatetheculture andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn Sapir Whorfhypothesis EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave i e differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround theythinkandspeakdifferently thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir WhorfHypothesis TwoInterpretationsaboutSWH Strongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople sthinkingandbehavior Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights 领悟 Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage ascode reflectsculturalpreoccupations 偏见 成见 andconstrainsthewaypeoplethink MorethaninWhorf sdays however werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences Denotativemeaning 指示的 外延的 表示的 ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary Connotativemeaning 内涵的 ameaningorideasuggestedbyawordorthinginadditiontotheformalmeaningornatureofthewordorthing Iconic 图象的 meaning theimageoriconinvoked 援引 inmindbyaword Forexample dog Someculturaldifferencesinlanguageuse GreetingsandtermsofaddressThanksandcomplimentsColorwordsPrivacyandtaboos EuphemismRoundingoffnumbers 四舍五入 Wordsandcultural specificconnotationsCultural relatedidioms proverbsandmetaphorP134 135 Euphemism 委婉 Itistosubstituteagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionsforthosethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasantinordertoshowpoliteness Itconveysthewriter sattitude Therearetraditionalandcontextualeuphemisme g Iunderstandifyoucan tstaymarriedtome Ifyouwanttodivorceme I llunderstand youhaveeveryreasontodoso B1L2GoingHome Hehad donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside B3L10DiogenesandAlexander todie topassaway todepart togotosleep togotoheaventoilet bathroom restroom togotothetoilet topowderone snose InprivateIshouldmerelycallhimaliar InthePressyoushouldusethewords recklessdisregardfortruth andinParliament thatyouregrethe shouldhavebeensomisinformed SimilarChinesefigure 婉曲e g 尤氏道 我也暗暗地叫人预备了 就是那件东西 不得好木头 且慢慢地办着罢 Thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell Culturaloverlap Culturaloverlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings Forexample thesuperiortendstorefertohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshipterms suchas Havedaddy mummy teachertoldyouthat Culturaldiffusion 扩散 Throughcommunication someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB thisphenomenonisknownasculturaldiffusion Onetypicalexampleofculturaldiffusionistheappearanceofloanwords Thepracticeofobservingholidaysofforeignoriginsandacceptingconceptsfromothercultures Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion esp culturalimperialismowingtolinguisticimperialism Interculturalcommunication Interculturalorcross culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures theirculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent Incross culturalcommunication weneedtopayspecialattentiontothesignificantdifferencesregardingsocia