critical thinking阅读时的批判性思维ppt课件.ppt

CriticalThinking Unit2 BookII Text1CriticalThinking PartI Paras 1 4 Whatiscriticalthinking definition Para 1 It sasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem Para 2 Or criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought thatassessesthought andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter Para 2 Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking It sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter Para 4 Inotherwords criticalthinking transformsthinkingintwodirections moresystematicallyandmorecomprehensively PartII Paras 5 6 Criticalthinkingisimportant Para 5 It simportantbecausewe ascreatures aredeeplydetermined byourthinking Para 6 Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld PartIII Paras 7 10 ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone Para 7 topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation Paras 8 10 Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought Para 8 humanegocentricity sociocentricity self delusion narrow mindedness Para 9 fear humaninsecurity humanhabits bureaucracy Para 10 Thenforuswhoareteaching studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle mistakennotions ignorance ourlimitedknowledge stubbornness ouractivatedignorance finally ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork PartIV Paras 11 15 Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking Paras 11and12 Thiscanbedoneonlyperson by personthroughaprocess whichwecallintellectualwork Thinkofthe ElementsofThought Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions Paras 13 15 Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers Iusethestandardsofclarity accuracy precision relevance depth breadth logicandfairness Thelasttwoparas conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld Whatiscriticalthinking Whyisitimportantforus Whyisitsodifficult Howcanwecultivateit Whatis beingcritical CriticcomesfromtheAncientGreek meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis Beingcritical inacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcher swayofthinking Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning askingquestion expressingdoubts nothingistakenforgranted scrutinizingevidence Wherethereisaclaimmade clarifytheevidencethatsupports drawingaconclusion checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible ornot Acriticalresearcherisopen minded respectfulofothers evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork andconstructive Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge nottobuildone sownreputationordamagesomeoneelse s So howdoyouunderstand beingcritical inreading Whatdowemeanby critical inreading readbetweenlinesbeinquisitivejudgecredibilitycommentrationallyreflectononeselfforimprovement readbetweenlines thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy notjustlookingforandreadingtheobvious beinquisitive questioningandtestingwhatyouread e g dotheauthor sviewpointsandideasappearjustified Why orwhynot askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourselfexploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyouread judgecredibility judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnotspottingandchallengingpotentialbias distortedviews prejudice andself interest intheworkofothers andinyourownthinkingchallengingideas whereappropriate andbasedoncredibleevidence commentrationally notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers butlookingforconnections ordisparities andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpoints reflectforimprovement lookingforgaps andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions adaptingyourplan yourgoal yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsights Whatisthe criticalthinking stairway Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically Discussion I Whenyouhaveaproblem orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth orachieveacertaingoal whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination Discussion II SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat Whentheymeetforthefirsttime theymustwonder Whoistheguyandwhatishelike HowdidHolmesgettheanswers HowdidWatsongettheanswers Holmes waytogettheanswer Question observation processinginformation analyzingwhatisseenandrecognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible assumption puttingtheassumptiontotest reconstructingbelief arrivingataccurateconclusion Watson swaytogettheanswer puzzledwaitingtobetoldtheanswer CriticalThinking Stairway Questions problems plan goal etc observation gatheringrelevantinformationprocessinginformation analyzing comparing synthesizing recognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisibleassumption Recognizingtheexistence ornon existence oflogicalrelationshipsbetweeninformation drawingwarrantedconclusionsandgeneralizationstest puttingtheassumptiontotest verifyingifitisaccurateReconstruction reconstructingyourpatternsofbeliefsonthebasisofwiderexperienceifpreviousassumptionprovestobeinaccurateConclusion judgment renderinga