综合写作讲义

综合写作是新托福有别于旧托福的新题型 虽然大家都觉得他的听力 阅读都 不是很难 考试也很模式化 模版的威力巨大 但是满分真的就那么容易吗 如何备考该部分 综合写作主要考查 3 个能力 take note summarize paraphrase 练习时要有重点 有目的 所以特将此讲义 大家平时可能不是很重视的讲义 分享给大家 该讲义全面 系统的为大家 分析了综合写作 并将 OG 上的精华部分提炼出来 并教大家如何写出自己的模 版 望大家仔细拜读 一举攻下综合写作 注 此讲义不包括如何 take note 正文 Integrated Writing 的基本类型 转折关系 Lecture 驳斥 Reading Lecture 提出 Reading 未提及的不良方面或问题 延续关系 Lecture 支持 Reading Lecture 解释 Reading 的原因和结果 延续 转折 Integrated Writing 的评分标准 The specific ideas explanations and arguments in the lecture that oppose or support points in the reading Points in the listening A clear coherent structure that enables the reader to understand what points in the lecture relate to what points in the reading Structure of your response Coherent and accurate presentations of each point you make language you use should accurately reflect ideas in the lecture and the reading Grammar and vocabulary What is the Key Points In Reading Main idea 核心态度 Explanation information 主要理由 阅读的文章看出基本结构和主要支持信息 In Listening main idea 核心态度 explanation information 主要理由 supporting examples 细节例子 听力材料听得越多越好 Practice OG 250 Key points in Reading Team certain project Advantages of team work A wider range of knowledge expertise skills work more quickly Creative solutions spread the responsibility Rewarding for team members Feel better about the work decided by themselves Member to shine results are far reaching Key Points in Listening Some didn t contribute Some who worked well and provide insight can not be recognized members shine Contributors feel bad feel better Projects didn t move quickly agreements work quickly because resources Influencers have too much influence Never work drop creative accepted not included project failed blame all spread responsibility Practice OG 282 Key points in Reading Altruism gain nothing Humans sharing food donate organs little rewards Animals Meerkat A sentinel alarm alerting others Gain nothing without food while others eat Danger flee alone Key Points in Listening Meercat eat before stand guard gain nothing without food likely to escape near burrow but others danger danger flee alone alarm cause others to move draw attention alerting others Human appreciation self worth non material rewards little rewards from donating organs Practice Delta 378 Key points in Reading Irrigation sources many forms and types Surface irrigation Flooding field widely used low cost and tradition Furrow irrigation U V Surface pipe irrigation Border irrigation Basin irrigation Key Points in Listening Agriculture is in high use of water by irrigation Afterwards can not be used for other purposes not included Some irrigation more efficiently Surface method no efficient not included A lot of water to flood the field not included Water in ponds evaporate down to ground not included Better ones sprinkler system drip one even distribution However also surface irrigation evaporate not included 结构安排 先我后他结构 Introduction Listening Reading Development L1 R1 L2 R2 L3 R3 先他后我结构 Introduction Reading Listening Development R1 L1 R2 L2 R3 L3 Writing Sample OG 284 The lecture completely refutes the passage It is said in the lecture that the perceived acts of altruism are nothing more than sneaky methods of gaining advantage for one s self L Contrary to the belief in the passage that sentinels risk their lives for the cause of the whole group the professor says that the meerkat sentinels are in fact less prone to threats The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draw the predators attention towards them thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels R L The lecture refutes the fact that these meerkats are altruistic in the sense that they gain nothing in exchange of their services In fact researches have shown that they have a full stomach as they perform this altruism duty and have a better chance of escaping from danger because they witness it first R L Professor also offers a different underlying motivation that causes people to believe that acts such as donating an organ or sharing food with someone in need are altruistic She says that people gain appreciation as a results of such acts which may be deemed by some much more important than materialistic gains R L Writing Sample OG 255 The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real L R First some members got free rides That is some didn t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got In other words they weren t give the opportunity to shine This directly contradicts what the passage indicates L R Second groups were slow in progress The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources However the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making Groups needed more time for meetings which are necessary procedures in decision making This was another part where experience contradicted theory L R Third influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem But in cases where they go in the wrong direction there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made In other words the group might turn into a dictatorship with the influential party as the leader and might be less flexible in thinking They might become one sided and this fails to succeed L 常用词 听力材料 Lecture Listening material listening 阅读材料 Reading passage reading passage 讲话人 Lecturer professor speaker 文章作者 author 陈述 state indicate believe suggest discuss talk about make the point that say 驳斥 refute disagree with cast doubt on challenge oppose conflict with deny the statement of contradict 支持 support enhance uphold justify 转折 in contrast however on the other hand but 列举 first second third first of all secondly also finally Paragraph 1 Introduction 1 State main idea of the lecture In the lecture the professor argues that the main idea of the lecture 2 Transition main idea of reading However the reading passage contends that the main idea of the reading 3 Thesis statement The lecture casts doubt on what the passage indicates Paragraph 2 Body paragraph 1 transition point 1 from the lecture The first point that the lecturer uses to cast doubt on the reading is point 1 from the lecture 2 Detail for point 1 According to the listening passage detail of point 1 from the lecture Paragraph 2 Body paragraph 3 counterpoint from the reading It differs from the reading in that the passage states point 1 of the readin