测绘工程专业英语翻译(第二单元非图片)

Uuit1 What is Geomatics 什么是测绘学 Geomatics Defined 测绘学定义 Where does the word Geomatics come from Geomatics 测绘或地球空间信息学 这个名词 是怎么来的呢 GEODESY GEOINFORMATICS GEOMATICS or GEO for earth and MATICS for mathematical or GEO for Geoscience and MATICS for informatics 大地测量学 地理信息学 GEOMATICS 测绘 学或者 geo 代表地 球 matics 代表数学 或者 geo 代表地球科学 matics 代表信息学 It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people 据说测绘学这个词对不同的人 有不同的 理解 The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years mostly by renaming what was previously called geodesy or surveying and by adding a number of computer scienceand or GIS oriented courses 这个术语 term 术语 作为一个学科 academic discipline 学科 第一次形 成 emerge 于加拿大 在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知 通常 是以前的 大地测量学 或 测量学 在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向 或 基于 GIS 的课程后重新命名 的 Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment 随着新 技 术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求 尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方 面 环境监测 现在 传统测量学定义连同 along with 日益 steadily 稳定的 增长的测量的重要性一起包含 在这个术语里了 逗 号后面的句子修饰 demand Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations appreciating land values dwindling natural resources and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land water and air from human activities 日益增长的危机来自人口扩张 地价上涨 资源紧缩 紧张 还有由于人类活动引起的 土地 水 空气质量 的持续的压力 由人类活动带来的土地 水 空气质量的恶化 As such geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning land development and the environmental sciences 这样 测 绘学在地球科学 各种工程学 engineering sciences 工程学 计算机科学 空间规划 土 地开发和环境科学 相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁 Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization ISO so it is here to stay 现在 geomatics 这个词已经被包括 ISO 国 际标准化 组织 在内的数个国际机构 international bodies 所采用 因此它就这样被普遍接受 be here to stay 习惯用语 被普遍接受 The term surveyor is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指 这换成 总称 较好 collectively 全体的 那些从事上述 活动的人 More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise 更具体的 explicit 清楚的 直接的 工作如土地测量员 工程测量员和水道测 量员 一般 commonly 一般地 被业内人士 practitioners 从业者 用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术 直译为 更清楚的工作描 述就如如土地测量员 工程测量员和水道测量员 一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的 专门技术 The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields geomatics 这个术语是个新词 表达 convey 传达 了实体集 合和它们相关 联 related 的活动的自然科学 并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合 incorporation 结 合 成为可能 flexibility 弹性 机动性 Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis 这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业 industry 里和学校建 立了 allow 允 许了 一个一致的 coherent 专业市场 As a result both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world s leading universities are being changed to Degree in Geomatics 结果 世界上许多一流 大学的 传统的测量专业 部门 的无论是课程还是授予资 授予学位名称 格都改为 测绘学位 Degree in Geomatics 的了 This does not suggest the demise of the term surveyor and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists etc as appropriate to their specialization 这并不意味着 surveyor 这个词的消亡 测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的 as appropriate to their specialization 土地测量员 摄影测量员及其他 ect 的工作 In the last decade there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo spatial data 在过去的十年中 在应用硬件和软件 的方法 solution 解决方法 来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时有着戏剧性的发展和增长 in the use of 在使用 时 This has created and will continue to create new areas of application with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates 创造并将继续创造新的应用 application 领域 并为合 适的 合格 qualified 有资格的 的毕业生提供相关的 associated 工作 As a result the role of the surveyor is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice as described above into new areas of opportunity 结果是 surveyor 的角色大大超越传统实践领 域 如前面所述 的领域 进入到新的 opportunity 机会 时机 的领域 In addition recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas 另外 最近的数据采集和处理技术的发展模糊了以前被认为有联系却分离的领域的 实 践的活动的 practice and activity 界限 Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard 可以预见 forecast 这 种发展继续并将为涉猎广泛 学识一流的 broadly based and of a high academic standard 毕业生创造新 的事业 To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments significant changes in education and training are required 为了使毕业生能充分利用 take full advantage of 这些发展 教 育和训练的 重大改革 significant changes 成为必需的 Academic and professional institutions are also responding in part by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title 学院的和专业的机构也作出反应 部分地 采用术 语 geomatics 作为一门课程和一项授予资格 授予学位名称 A working definition of geomatics which reflects current thinking and predicted change is 测 绘 学的一个现在使用的反映了当前的思想和对未来的预期的定义是 The science and technology of acquiring storing processing managing analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information geo spatial data 获取 处理 存储 分析和上呈 presenting 呈现 地理参考信息 地理空间信息 的科学和技术 This broad term applies both to science and technology and mapping geodesy satellite positioning photogrammetry remote sensing geographic information systems GIS land management computer systems environmental visualization and computer graphics 这个广泛的术语应用于科学和技 术 以及 制图 大地测量学 卫星定位 摄影测量学 遥感 地理信息系统 土地管理 计算机系 统 环境可视化和计算 机制图等领域 Several terms such as geomatics geomatic engineering and geoinformatics are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information 现在一些 术语 如 测绘学 测绘工程 和 地学信息学 共同应用于某些活动中 专属于 pertain to 通常 generally 涉及 concern with 地理信息的活动 These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected managed and applied 这些术语起初被采用用来表示地理信息的采集 管理和 应用的总体的 方法 Along with land surveying photogrammetry remote sensing and cartography GIS is an important component of geomatics 连同土地测量学 摄影测量学 遥感和制图学一起 GIS 也是 测绘学中重要的一个 组成部分 Branches of Geomatics 测绘学分支 Data acquisition techniques include field surveying global positioning system GPS satellite positioning and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery 数据获取技术包括普通野外测量 GPS 测量 卫星定位和遥感图像获取 通过航空摄影 和卫星成像 It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies 它还包括数据库资料的获取 通过扫描就有地图和设计图 还有有关机构 收集的数据 Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design digital photogrammetry image analysis relational data base management and geographic information systems GIS 通过计算机程序 数据管理和处理应用于工程设计 数字摄影测量 digital photogrammetry 图像分析 相关资料库的管理和 GIS Data plotting presentation is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs the presentations are displayed on computer screens where interactive editing can occur and are output on paper from digital plotting devices 数据成图 数字成图 是通过制图和其 他直观的 计算机程序 illustrative 直观的 说明性的 进行的 其表达显示在计算机屏幕上 交互 式编辑处理 也可 以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上 handle 操作 处理 Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory they are available for use by a wide variety of users 一旦地理实体的位置和属性被 数字化并 被存储进计算机存储器 就可以有效的 available 有效的 可用的 为广泛的各种的使用 者所用 Through the use of modern information technology IT geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines surveying mapping remote sensing land registration civil and marine engineering forestry agriculture planning and development geology geographical sciences infrastructure management navigation environmental and natural resources monitoring and computer science 通过现代 估计 moderm 应该是 modern 信息技术 测绘学将以下学科的专业 人员整合到一起 测量 学 制图学 遥感 国土注册 土木 civil 民用的 工程和海洋工程 林业 农业 决策 与发展 地质学 地 理科学 基础设施 infrastructure 管理 导航 环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学 Other Definitions of Geomatics 测绘学的其他定义 As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal Geomatica Geomatics is a field of activities which using a systemic approach integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific administrative legal and technical operations 业务 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information 加拿大测量学会 Canadian Institute of Geomatics 在他们的季刊 地球空间信息学 中 这样定义 测绘 学是利用系统的方法 为生产和处理 management 科学的 行政的 法律的 legal 和 技术的业务 operations 所需的空间信息 将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法 means 整合在一起的活动领域 as part of 作为 的一部分 这里不翻译出来 The definition of Geomatics is evolving A working definition might be the art science and technologies related to the management of geographically referenced information Geomatics includes a wide range of activities from the acquisition and analysis of site specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management It includes cadastral surveying hydrographic surveying and ocean mapping and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management 测绘学定义在 发展 现行的一个定义是 涉及工艺 科学和技术的地理信息的处理 测绘学或地球空间信息学 包括一个广泛的生产 活动 从工程学和发展了的测量学领域中特殊点的空间数据的获取和分析到 GIS 和遥感 技术在环境管理中的 应用 它包括地籍测量 水道测量和海图测量 在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色 Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement analysis management storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data often termed spatial data These data come from many sources including earth orbiting satellites air and sea borne sensors and ground based instruments It is processed and manipulated with state of the art information technology using computer software and hardware It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data including environmental studies planning engineering navigation geology and geophysics oceanography land development and land ownership and tourism It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data 测绘学是一个现代科学术语 用以 表示测量 分析 管理 存储和显示基于地球信息 经常被称为空间数据 often termed spatial data 数据 的描述和位置的集成方法 这些数据来自各种数据源 包括地球轨道卫星 空载和舰载传 感器及地面仪器 利用 计算机软件和硬件 借助现代 state of the art 信息技术 它的应用覆盖所有依赖空间数 据的学科 包括环 境研究 规划 工程学 导航 地质和地球物理学 海洋学 土地开发 土地经营和旅游 学 它因而成为所有使 用空间数据地球科学学科的基础 from the School of Geomatic Engineering Univ of New South Wales 摘自新南威尔士大学 测绘 或地 球空间信息学 工程学院 Geomatics is concerned with the measurement representation analysis management retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences land management geographic information systems environmental visualization geodesy photogrammetry remote sensing and surveying 测绘学是测量 表示 分析 处理 重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的 科学 其包括的主要学 科有制图学 土地管理 GIS 环境可视化 大地测量学 摄影测量学 遥感和测量学 from the Dept of Geomatics at Univ of Melbourne 摘自墨尔本大学测绘学系 或者地球空 间信息学系 Geomatics comprises the science engineering and art involved in collecting and managing geographically referenced information Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring management of land and marine resources and real estate transactions 测绘学包括自然科学 工程学和工艺或 技术 学 对地理信息的收集与管理 地理信 息在环境监测 陆地和 海洋资源管理 以及房地产交易 real estate 房地产 transaction 交易 中扮演重要角色 from the Dept of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB 摘自加拿大纽布朗斯维克大 学测量与大 地测量学系 The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement representation analysis management retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth s physical features and the built environment Geomatics includes disciplines such as Surveying Geodesy Remote Sensing and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map paper plan or chart or as figures in report tables or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer 测量传统定义为确 定地表 地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征 features 形态 特征 并使之按比例 in analog form 测绘成地形图 contoured map 平面图 paper plan 或图表 或形成报 告图表 或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机 As such the surveyor geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement 同样的 测量员 大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特 征 The accurate determination and monumentation 标石 标志 of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task 因此精确确定并标定 地表点位便成为测量的主要任务 Though these surveys are for various purposes still the basic operations are the same they involve measurements and computations or basically fieldwork and office work 虽然测量工作有不同目的 基本的操作却都一样 他们包括测量和 计算 或更基本地称之为 外业工作和内业工作 There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys route surveys city surveys construction surveys hydrographic surveys etc but generally speaking surveying is divided into two major categories geodetic and plane surveying 测量分为许多不同的类型 如土地测量 路线测量 城市测量 建筑测量 水道测量等等 但是总的来说 测量分为两个主要的种类 大地测量和平面测量 Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth Geodetic surveys or treat the earth as a flat surface Plane surveys 是考虑地球真实 形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量 紧跟着上句 Additionally surveys are conducted 表现 for the purpose of positioning features on the ground Horizontal surveys determining the elevation or heights of features Vertical surveys or a combination of both 另外 测量还分 为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合 GeodeticGeodetic SurveyingSurveying 大地测量 大地测量 The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying 考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量 This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys 这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作 用来确立基本点的精确位 置 用以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网 In geodetic surveys the stations are normally long distances apart and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying 在大地测量中 站点经常是互相距离很远 那么 这种测量就比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法 Widely spaced permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions 广泛间隔开的永久标石就作为计算点位之间 距离的基础 serve 当作 These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects 这种永久标石点被称为大地控制点 为测量和绘图工 作提供可靠和一致的数据 In the past ground based theodolites tapes 卷尺 and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used 过去 大地经纬仪 DJ 大地 经纬仪的中文缩写 卷尺和电子设备是大地测量的野外工作初时 primary 的工具 Today the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost 现在 GPS 技术 的发展 expansion 扩充 膨胀 使大地测量工作花费非常小的代价 a fraction of 一小 部分 就能获得极为精确的结果成为可能 A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys 大地测量工作计划的 编制 planning 和实施 execution proper 恰当的 翻译时略掉 绝对需要 absolute prerequisite 对大地测量学知识有全面的掌握 A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一个彻底的知识 大地测 量学的原理的 是绝对需要的 In Geodetic Surveys the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid although in a technical sense it is not really a spheroid 在大地测量中 地 球的形状被看成一个椭球体 虽然在技术角度来看 它不是真正的椭球 Therefore distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes but on a curved surface 因此 在地球表面上或附近测 量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行 而是在一个曲面上 Hence in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys allowances are made for the earth s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed 因此 在大地测量距离的计算中 参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差 就显示 develop 显示出来 出来 The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid 每个大地站 点的位置都与这个椭球有关 The positions are expressed as latitudes angles north or south of the Equator and longitudes angles east or west of a prime meridian or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid 这个位置是用纬度 与赤道面所成的角 和经度 与 初子午线所成的角 或用在直角坐标系中的北距和东距来表示 A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country 大地测量为建立国家范围内的重力场和确 定地表架构提供 establishes 建立 基础 This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks 这将 由测定布设在大地网和重力网中数量十分巨大的控制点 所得到的坐标和重力值来实现 In this fundamental work curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered 在这项基础工作中 地球的曲率和重力场都应被考虑 PlanePlane SurveyingSurveying 平面测量 平面测量 The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error generally is called plane surveying 这种类型的测量把地球平 均的表面视作平面 或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计 这样的测量工作称为平面 测量 significant 重大的 不翻译也行 The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent 这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有限的测量工作 extent 范围 With regard to horizontal distances and directions a level line is considered mathematically straight the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey and all angles are considered to be plane angles 由于被当成了水平距离和方向 水平线被当成直线 省略掉 mathematically 在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的 所有的角被认为都是平面角 To make computations in plane surveying you will use formulas of plane trigonometry algebra and analytical geometry 在平面测量的计算中 你可以使 用平面三角 代数 和平面解析几何的公式 For small areas precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size 小范围内 平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果 但是随 着范围的扩大 精度和准确度将随之下降 For example the length of an arc 18 5 km long lying in the earth s surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and further the difference betw