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PetroleumSienceinEnglish Instructor GuoQing 1 ChapterSixPetroleumProductionProductionmaybeconsideredasthatsectionoftheoilindustryconcernedwithconveying 传送 hydrocarbons 烃 fromthereservoir 油藏 tosurface andtheseparation 分离 ofoil gas water andsolidstotheextentnecessarytoprovideasaleableprimaryproduct 初级产品 suchascrudeoil NGL naturalgasliquids andgas 2 Producingoilisanintricate 复杂的 art Oilcanbepumpedoutofthespongerock 海绵状岩体 atacertainmaximum 最大的 rate determinedbytheviscosity 粘稠度 oftheoilandthequality 质量 ofthereservoir Oilproductionmustbemanagedcarefullytoavoidclogging 堵塞 orcollapsing 跨塌 thepores 孔隙 whichcanpreventawellfromaccessing 获取 muchofthereservoir Pumpingtoofast pumpingtooslowlyorinterrupting 间歇式的 productioncanalldamageanoilfield Andnotonlyonebutmanywellsmustbedrilledtofullyexploit 开发 thereservoir raisingtheexpense 费用 ofproduction 3 Drillingcurved 斜的 andhorizontal 水平的 wellsintoreservoirsisacommontechniquetoincreaseproduction Anothertechniqueinvolvesfracturing 压裂 thereservoirrockbypumpingfluidsandsandintoitunderhighpressure Thefluidsopencracks 裂隙 andthesandkeepsthemopentoletoutthepetroleum Thiscanovercomelowpermeability 渗透率 Treatingthewellbore 井筒 withvariousacids 酸 orsolvents 溶剂 canalsoraisepermeability Thistechniqueiscalledacidizing 酸化 4 Oneofthemostcommonlyusesmethodsoffracturingishydraulicfracturing 水力压裂 Hydraulicfracturingmaybedefinedastheprocessofcreatingafacture 裂缝 orfracturesystem 裂缝系统 inaporousmedium 孔隙介质 byinjectingafluidunderpressurethroughawellboreinordertoovercomenativestresses 天然压力 andtocausematerialfailure 岩石破裂 oftheporousmedium 孔隙介质 Brieflyitisthecreation 形成 andpreservation 保持 ofafractureinareservoirrock 储集岩 Tofractureareservoirrock energymustbegeneratedbyinjectingafluiddownawellandintotheformation 地层 5 ReservoirProductionMechanisms 机理 Theproductionmechanismswhichowetheirexistencetothesesourcesofenergyarereferredtoas waterdrive 水驱 solutiongasdrive or depletiondrive 溶解气驱 and gascapdrive 气顶驱 respectively Thenaturaldrainageoftheoilthroughthereservoirrockunderitsowngravity 重力 providesafurtherproductionmechanism Acombinationofdrivemechanismsmayoperateinthesamereservoir Generally however onesystemwilldominate 占支配地位 theothersandtherelativeimportanceofthesewillchangewithtimeduringtheproductionofoilandforthisreasonitisconvenienttoconsidereachtypeofdrivemechanismseparatelyandcaremustbetakenduringthedevelopmentofanoilfieldtousethereservoirdrivepressurestotheirmaximumextent 最大程度 6 Waterdrive 水驱 reservoirsdrivetheirenergyfromwaterbelowtheoil Watersweepstheoilupandintothewells Waterdrive edge waterdrive isconsideredtobethemosteffectiverecoverymechanismofall Inordertoenablethismechanismtofunctionatitsmaximumeffectiveness 最大程度上发挥作用 itmaybenecessarytolimit 控制 therateofoilproductionsothattheaquiferwater 淡水 canenterthevacated 腾出空隙的 sectionoftheoil bearingzoneasfastastheoiliswithdrawn 7 Iftheoilproductionrateexceeds 超过 thislimittherewillbeadecline 下降 inthereservoirpressureandaconsequentreduction 相应地降低 intheenergyavailabletoproducetheoil 8 Solutiongasdrive 溶解气驱 dissolvedgasdriveordepletiondrive iscausedbygasdissolvedintheoil Inthesubsurface 地下 theoilisunderhighpressure Thehigherthepressure themoregasthatcanbedissolvedintheoil Whenawellisdrilledintotheoilreservoir pressureisrelieved 缓解 andgasbubbles 气泡 formintheoil 9 Expandinggasbubbles 气泡膨胀 forcetheoilintothewell Dissolvedgasdriveisveryinefficient producingonlyfrom10 to30 oftheoilinplace 地质储量 leavingtherestinthereservoir 10 Gascapdrive 气顶驱 freegasdrive derives 获取 itsenergyfromthepressureofthegasinthefreegascap Theexpandingfreegascapsweeps 扫 theoilintothewell Gascapdriveisrelativelyefficient producing355to50 oftheoilinplace 11 Thistypeofreservoirisbestdevelopedwithwellsproducingonlyfromtheoilportionofthereservoir leavingthegasinthefreegascaptosupplytheenergy 12 gravity 重力 isalsoadrivemechanism Itispresentinallreservoirs astheweightoftheoilcolumncreatespressurecausingoiltoflowintothewell Thisisusuallyinsignificant 不太重要 comparedtooriginalpressures 原始压力 createdbytheotherdrivemechanisms Inthelaterstages 阶段 ofoilproductioninadissolvedgasdrivereservoir however gravitydrainage 重力驱 becomessignificant 重要 Thisiscalledagravitydrainagepool 重力驱动油藏 13 HydrocarbonRecoveryRatio TotalProducedHydrocarbon ReservesinPlace 100 Recoveryratio 采收率 14 ProductionofOilandGas Primaryrecovery 一次采收率 Inprimaryrecovery theinitialapproachtoproduceoil naturalreservoirpressure 油藏的天然压力 orsimplemechanicalpumps 简单的机械泵 areusedtoraiseoiltothesurface Untilabout20yearsagorecoveryfactorsofover20 duringtheprimaryproductionphase 一次生产阶段 weremostexceptional 不常见的 Howevermoderntechniquesoffielddevelopmentandproductionhaveimprovedthesefiguresconsiderablyandnowtheaverageprimaryrecovery 平均一次采收率 isbetween20 and30 Anumberofmethodscanimproveprimaryrecovery 15 Themostcommonisinfilldrilling whichinvolvesdrillingmorewellsintothesamepoolsotheoildoesnothavetotravelasfarthroughtherocktoreachawellbore Morethanonedirectionalwell 定向井 canbedrilledfromacommonplatform 共同的钻井平台 Horizontaldrilling 水平钻井 whichextends 使延伸 thewellboreintoamuchlargeportionoftheoil bearingformation hasbeenemployedsincethelate1980stoimproveproductionandenhancerecovery 16 Secondaryrecovery 二次采收率 Furtheroilproductioncanbeobtainedbyinjecting 注入 water waterflooding 水驱 ornaturalgastomaintain 保持 reservoirpressureandpush 推 oiloutoftherock thereforeachievemoreefficientdisplacement 驱替 ofoil thedevelopmentofsecondaryrecoveryschemes 方案 tobeanalmoststandardpracticeinnewfieldshasalmostdoubled 使翻倍 theoverallrecoverypercentage 17 Tertiaryrecovery 三次采收率 Thethirdmajorphaseofcrudeoilrecoverywhichusesmoreadvanced 先进的 methodsaimingto 旨在 increaseoilrecoveryratio Themostcommontertiaryrecoverymethodforlightandmediumcrudeoil 轻质油和中质油 ismiscibleflooding 混相驱 Inthisprocedure naturalgasliquids ethane propaneandbutane areinjectedintospecialinjectionswells 专门的注入井 Whendissolved theseliquidsreduce 降低 surfacetension 表面张力 andviscosity 粘稠度 tohelprelease 释放 theoilfromthereservoirrock Carbondioxide 二氧化碳 hasalsobeenusedformisciblefloods Thisphaseisappliedbeforethewellcanbeabandoned 废弃 MoreResearchesareconductedcontinuingtoimprovetherecoveryratio 18 Somefactorsthatwilllimitproducingrate 1 Lowreservoirpermeability 油藏渗透率低 2 Lowreservoirpressurefordepth 井深油藏压力低 3 Formationdamage 地层破坏 4 Wellboreortubingplugging 井筒或油管堵塞 5 Highviscosityoil 高粘稠度油 6 Excessivebackpressureonformation 地层回压过高 7 Inadequateartificiallift 人工举升不足 8 Othersituation 其他情况 19 EnhancedOilRecovery 提高采收率 Enhancedoilrecovery EOR processeshavetheirobjective 目标 toincreaseofoilrecoveryforreservoirsdepleted 衰竭 bysecondaryrecoverywithwaterfloodingorgasinjection TheEORprocessescanbedividedintothreecategories chemical 化学驱 thermal 热力驱 andmiscible 混相驱 whichcanbefurthersubdividedintovariouscategories Thermalprocesseshavebeenusedextensivelyforthedisplacementofheavyoil 重油驱替 whereaschemicalandmiscibledisplacementprocesseshavebeenemployedfortherecoveryoflightoil 轻质油开采 20 Lightoil thinner freelyflowingcrudeoiloflightspecificgravity 特殊比重 Heavyoil dense viscousoil withahighproportion 比例 ofbitumen thatisdifficulttoextract 开采 withconventional 传统的 techniquesandismorecostlytorefine 21 APIdegrees theAmericanPetroleumInstitute 美国石油协会 definesthedensity 比重 ofoilingravityunitscalledAPIdegrees API度 TheAPIdegreesareexpressedinthefollowingformula 公式 APIdegrees 141 5 Specialgravity60 60 F 131 5 Wherespecificgravity60 60 F 15 5 C isthegravityoftheoilat60 Fcomparedwiththatofwaterat60 F NotethatAPIdegreesareinverselyproportional 成反比 todensity ThuslightoilhaveAPIgravitiesofover40 0 83specificgravity whereasheavyoilshaveAPIgravitiesoflessthan10 1 0specificgravity Heavyoilsarethusdefinedasthoseoilsthataredenserthanwater 22 Microbialenhancedoilrecovery 微生物提高采收率法 Theuseofmicro organisms 微生物 andtheirmetabolicproducts 代谢产物 tostimulateoilproductionisreceivinginterestworldwide Thetechniqueinvolvestheinjectionofselected 经过挑选的 micro organismsintothereservoir 23 EOR 提高采收率 Chemicalflooding 化学驱 Thermalrecovery 热力驱 Miscibleflooding 混相驱 Surfactantflooding 表面活性剂驱 Polymerflooding 聚合物驱 Causticflooding 碱法驱 In situcombustion 火烧油层 Steaminjection 蒸汽驱 Wetcombustion 湿式燃烧 Miscibleslugprocess 混相段塞法 Enrichedgasprocess 富气注入法 Highpressureleangasprocess 高压贫气注入法 Mutualsolventprocess 中性溶剂注入法 CO2process 二氧化碳注入法 24 25 IllustrationofSteamFloodProcess 26 Therearethreemaintypesofconventionalnaturalgaswells Sinceoiliscommonlyassociatedwithnaturalgasdeposits 天然气藏 acertainamountofnaturalgasmaybeobtainedfromwellsthatweredrilledprimarilyforoilproduction Theseareknownasoilwells 油井 Insomecases this associated naturalgasisusedtohelpintheproductionofoil byprovidingpressureintheformationfortheoilsextraction 石油开采 Theassociatednaturalgasmayalsoexistinlargeenoughquantitiestoallowitsextractionalongwiththeoil Naturalgaswells 天然气井 arewellsdrilledspecificallyfornaturalgas andcontainlittleornooil 27 Condensatewells 凝析油井 arewellsthatcontainnaturalgas aswellasaliquidcondensate 凝析油 Thiscondensateisaliquidhydrocarbonmixturethatisoftenseparatedfromthenaturalgaseitheratthewellhead orduringtheprocessingofthenaturalgas Dependingonthetypeofwellthatisbeingdrilled completionmaydifferslightly Itisimportanttorememberthatnaturalgas beinglighterthanair willnaturallyrisetothesurfaceofawell Becauseofthis inmanynaturalgasandcondensatewells liftingequipmentandwelltreatmentarenotnecessary 28 ArtificialLift 人工举升 Inmostoilfieldsreservoirpressuredecline 下降 andincreasedvolumes 体积 ofwaterproducedwiththeoilgiveriseto 导致 conditionswherethewellswillnotflowunaided 没有帮助 Anumberofoptions suchasgaslift 气举 subsurfacepumps 潜泵 androdpumps 有杆泵 areopentoassistoilflowtosurface 29 AHorseHeadPumpformechanicproductionwell 30 Keywordsseparation 分离 primaryproduct 初级产品 thesponge 海绵状岩体 viscosity 粘稠度 clogging 堵塞 collapsing 跨塌 Interruptingproduction 间歇式的生产 exploit 开发 fracturing 压裂 cracks 裂隙 acids 酸 solvents 溶剂 acidizing 酸化 31 hydraulicfracturing 水力压裂 porousmedium 孔隙介质 nativestresses 天然压力 formation 地层 waterdrive 水驱 solut