英语词汇学考前串讲

英语词汇学考前串讲英语词汇学考前串讲 第一讲 1 考试题形式分为 选择题 30 分 完全是考书中的例子 理论与例子的结合 也就是 Theory 和 Example 的结合 填空 10 分 考特例 不是考简单的 Examples Theory 而是考 Exceptions 10 分 考试内容 Types of meaning changes 词意变化的种类 Types of meaning 词义的种类 如 概念意义 联想意义 情感意义等 Languages branches 语系与语族 语系如 印欧语系 语族如 一个大的语 系下分为那几个小的语族 如 日尔曼语族 斯堪的纳维亚语族等 Feathers of idioms 习语的特点 10 分 考试内容 Types of Bound Morphemes 粘着词素的种类 Types of Word Formations 构词法的种类 Types of Meaning 词义的种类 Types of Meaning of Idioms 习语涵义的种类 名词解释 10 分 简答题 12 分 比较题 两种理论 概念之间的区别就叫比较题 比如说 概念意义与联想意 义有何区别 粘着词素与派生词根有何区别 两种事物与两种理论之间的区别 等 名词解释扩展题 难的名词解释派生的简答题 如 Affected Meaning 名词解 释起来太长了 放在简答题里 就成为 What is Affected Meaning briefly exemplify it Optional 可考可不考的题 往往是给出名词让你举例子 分析题 18 分 给出例子 让你用理论加以分析 二 串讲内容 Introduction 部分 Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics Lexicology 和那些重要的学科建立了联系 1 Morphology 2 Semantics 3 Stylistics 4 Etymology 5 Lexicography 研究 lexicology 的两大方法 1 Diachronic approach 历时语言学 2 Synchronic approach 共时语言学 e g wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论 woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式 Woman 的词义的变化算 Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分 What is word 词具有哪些特点 词的特点也就是对词的名词解释 1 A word is a minimal free form of a language 2 A sound unity or a given sound 3 a unit of meaning 4 a form that can function alone in a sentence 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释 词的分类 classification of a word 词根据发音可以分为哪两种词 或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词 1 simple words 2 complex words 单音节词例子 e g Man and fine are simple 多音节词例子 e g Management misfortune blackmail management 可以次划分为 manage 和 ment misfortune 可以次划分为 mis 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为 black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning 1 There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing e g dog cat 2 The relationship between them is conventional 3 In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds What is relationship between sound and form 1 The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form Natura lly the written form should agree with the oral form such as English language 2 This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i e Old English 3 With the development of the language more and more differences occur between the two What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between so und and form 1 The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Roma ns which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so th at some letters must do double duty or work together in combination 2 Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling ov er the years and in some cases the two have drawn far apart 3 A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes 4 Finally comes the borrowing which is an important channel of enriching the Englis h vocabulary 要记住以上四句话中的关键词 1 influenced by Romans 2 Pronunciation changed 3 early scribes 4 borrowing 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音 拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些 e g stimulus L fiesta Sp eureka Gr kimono Jap 外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是 sound and form 不一致 What is vocabulary Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language but it can stand for a ll the words used in a particular historical period Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect given book a given discipli ne and the words possessed by an individual person Classification of Words 本课的一个重点 年年考试都考 What is the classification of words How to classify words in linguistics Three criteria 1 By use of frequency 2 By notion 3 By origin By use of frequency 可划分为 1 The basic word stock 2 Non basic word vocabulary By notion 可划分为 1 Content word 2 Functional word Content words are also known as notional words Content words 的别称 Functional words are also known as empty words or form words Functional words 的别称 Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock i e stability According to Stuart Robertson et al 1957 the nine functional words namely and be have it of the to will you What are the characteristics of basic word stock 1 All national character 2 Stability 3 Productivity 4 Polysemy 5 Collocability 要把握住 All national character 的词 就是和我们日常生活息息相关的 最普通的 词 稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点 请你举例说明 e g man woman fire water e g machine video telephone e g bow chariot knight Stability is relative not absolute 根据词的 use frequency 划分出的基本词之外 还有一类词叫作 None basic vocabulary 非基本词有几大特点 或者是几大分类 1 Terminology e g sonata algebra 2 Jargon e g Bottom line Jargon 3 Slang e g smoky bear Slang 4 Argot e g persuader 5 Dialectal words e g station AusE ranch bluid ScotE blood 6 Archaisms e g wilt will 7 Neologisms e g email Neologisms beaver 是 girl 的 slang 表达方式 但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary content words or functional words Answer Content words What is native words Answer 1 By origin English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words 2 Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes the Angles the Saxons and the Jutes thus know as Anglo Saxon words 3 Words of Anglo Saxon origin are small in number amounting to roughly 50 000 to 60 000 but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 什么叫 borrowed words Answer 1 words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms 2 It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary 3 The English language has vast debts In any dictionary some 80 of the entries are borrowed 什么叫 Denizens Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling such as port from portus L Denizens 的例子都要记 Port from portus L cup from cuppa L shift from skipta ON shirt from skyrta ON change from changier F pork from porc F 什么叫 Translation loans Translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language such as long time no see from haojiumeijian Ch 什么叫 Semantic loans words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form But their meaning are borrowed in other words English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language such as the word dream which originally meant joy and music and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse 第二章 第二章 The development of the English vocabulary The Indo European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3 000 some put it 5 000 languages which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar 重点 语系划分的标准 What is the criteria to divide language families The answer 1 the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2 grammar 重点 The Balto Slavic comprises such modern languages as 选择题内容 Prussian Lithuanian Polish Czech Bulgarian Slovenian and Russian Indo European 两大分支 1 Eastern set 2 Western set Eastern set Balto Slavic Indo Iranian Armenian and Albanian Western set Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic In the western Set Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic Celtic Scottish Irish Welsh Breton The five Romance languages namely Portuguese Spanish French Italian Roumanian all belong to the Italic The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages Norwegian Icelandic Danish and Swedish which are generally known as Scandinavian languages Then there is German Dutch Flemish and English With Vikings invasion many Scandinavian words came into the English language It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English Old English has a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000 words It was a highly inflected language just like modern German 重点句 Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 scripts 古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 early scripts Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期 Sound and form reached their concord in Modern English period 如果从词汇变化的角度而言 Modern English 又可以细划分为 early period modern period 现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 重要的选择或填空内容 Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入 The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 现代英语时期 英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 colonization The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from Colonization The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language 重要选择或填空内容 Growth of Present day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words 1 The rapid development of modern science and technology 2 Social economic and political changes 3 The influence of other cultures and language 2 4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1 creation 2 semantic change 3 borrowing 2 Semantic change 还包括外来词的 Semantic loans Elevation degradation extension narrowing transfer 外来词可以被称作 borrowed words 因此又可以被称作 重点句 borrowed words are also known as loaned words 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色 Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant This is especially true of American English 英语从 synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language 是在英语的哪 一个阶段完成的 答案 Modern English period 文艺复兴时期 恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段 答案 Early Modern English period 在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象 French Latin English in Middle English period easel port freight 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段 属于哪一种外来词的引入 答案 Middle English Dutch 在英语发展的某一个阶段 有一种语言进入英语 它一共带来了 2500 个词汇 这 种语言是什么 答案 Dutch 前年考题 据现代语言学家的统计 英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少 答案 50 000 to 60 000 他们的来源是 Anglo Saxon tongue 第二次世界大战以后 大量外来词进入英语中 如 Mao jackets black belt kongfu 这些词属于英语词汇发展的 Present day English Vocabulary 注意 第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成 Old English 和 Middle English 最大的 striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面 答案 Old English was a language of full endings Middle English was one of leveled endings 文艺复兴时期 哪两种文化得到了复兴 这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影 响 答案 Greek Roman culture 某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段 答案 Modern English 十六世纪 有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响 这是哪一种 industry 答案 Printing 这导致 sound and form 出现 concord 出现 standardization 第三章复习 The smallest unit in the English language refers to morphemes The minimal free form in the English language refers to word In the plural form changing some of the words will take internal vowel change this internal vowel change is called allomorphs Deer 复数没有变 还是 deer sheep 复数没有变 还是 sheep 因此 这种变化被 称作 zero derivation 名词解释 Morphemes The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes In other words the morphemes is the smallest functioning unit in composition of wor ds Allomorphs The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs e g the morpheme of plurality s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context e g in cats in bags matches It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot feet man men goose geese or by zero morphs as in deer deer fish fish 简答题 what are the types of morphemes 答简答题时 名词解释 答案 Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes 1 Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free 2 These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences 3 They are identical with root words as each of them consists of a single free root words as each of them consists of a single free root 4 free morphemes are free roots bound morphemes 1 Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound 2 They are bound to other morphemes to form words 3 Bound morphemes include two types bound root and affix affix 分为两类 inflectional and derivational affixes Inflectional affixes Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional thus known as inflectional morphemes Derivational affixes 1 derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to cr eate now words 2 Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes root 1 a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity 2 the root whether free or bound generally carries the main component of meaning in a word 3 a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed stem 1 a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff 2 It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful underestimate 3 Therefore a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added 问题 Stem 和 root 有一个最大的区别在哪里 连着两年没有考过 答案 a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added 问题 请加以区别下面两个词的特征 nation dict 请加以理论的分析 Both nation and dict belong to roots nation is free root which can function alone in a sentence Nation as a free root has complete meaning when both prefixes and suffixe s attached to it are removed nation as a free root still remains Dict is a bound root w hich can not function alone grammatically dict carries the fundamental meaning of w ords dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words for example dictionary contradiction He is much cleverer than any other one in the village too heads are better than one 请从构词角度分析以上的例子 cleverer better cleverer er inflectional affixes better good well 的特殊变化 It is allomorph of good and well 第四章 问题 在英语中 主要的构词法分为哪几种 答案 有七种 1 Affixation 2 Compounding 3 conversion 4 shortening 5 clipping 6 acronymy 7 blending 有三种最常用 affixation compounding and conversion 问题 由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种 答案 Extension 问题 由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式 答案 Narrowing 问题 Affixation 又被称为什么 它分为哪两类 答案 Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses prefixation and suffixation 要点 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别 a non ir negative prefixes de dis 既属于 negative 也属于 reversative prefixes mal pseudo mis pejorative prefixes super sur extra prefixes of degree or size anti contra counter pro prefixes of orientation and attitude trans fore tele locative prefixes fore post prefixes of time and order bi uni semi number prefixes pan vice miscellaneous prefixes suffixation 1 Noun suffixes 1 Denominal nouns 2 Deverbal nouns 3 De adjective nouns ity ness 4 Noun and adjective suffixes 注意 Compounding acoronymy blending conversion clipping 的名词解释 要点 复合词分为哪三类 1 solid 2 hyphenated 3 open 简答题 what are the characteristics of compounds What are the difference between compounds and free phrases 答案 1 phonetic features 2 Semantic features 3 Grammatical features 最常见的三种词性 1 Noun compound 2 Adjective compounds 3 verb compounds 问题 在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性 哪两种不具有多产性 在形容性复合词当中 哪三类有多产性 动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的 名词解释 Conversion 重点 还没考过 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class Functional shift conversion Zero derivation 选择或填空要点 Adjective to noun 1 full conversion 2 partial conversion 问题 形容词转为动词分为哪两类 答案 由 Adjective to verbs 1 Transitive 2 Intransitive 简答题 形容词变动词的三种类别 没考过 问题 请你举出由 conjunction 变为 noun 的一个例子 答案 Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words 选择或填空要点 问题 blending 分为哪四类合成词 1 head tail 2 head head 3 head word 4 word tail 问题 绝大多数 blending 都是什么词性 答案 nouns The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer 问题 截短法 clipping 分为哪四类 答案 There are four common types of clipping 1 Front clipping 2 Back clipping 3 Front and back clipping 4 Phrase clipping 要注意 clipping 的例子 有一个特殊变化 fridge refrigerator 截短之后在 i g 中间加一个 d 还有拼写 发生变化 比如说 coke coca cola 问题 什么是 acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类 1 initialisms 不发音 e g BBC VOA TB 2 acronyms 形成新的发音 e g CORE TEFL Words from proper names 有四大类 1 Names of people e g bobby Names of people 2 Names of places e g champagne rugby 3 Names of books e g utopia 4 Tradenames e g cabal 问题 以下的词采用哪种构词法 e g diagnosis diagnose 先有诊断的名词 后有了诊断的动词 这种构词被称作 backformation bloomers 它的构词法满足哪一种词法 属于 Words from proper names 中的 Names of people VJ day 这种构词法是由哪一种构成的 属于 Initialisms 中的 Acronyms Pop 采用哪一种构词法构成的 clipping Sitcom blending FORTRAN head head Bath 名词 bathe 动词 Bath 和 bathe 存在一种什么关系 Conversion 重点句 Conversion is also known as functional shift 问题 Noun v ing 这类词构成的词是什么词 答案 compounding 问题 Record breaking 它是属于复合法中的哪一种 答案 Adjectives compounds 问题 请说出 Adjectives compounds 中多产性强的有几类 答案 有三类 1 n v ing 2 n a 3 n v ed 问题 up bringing 是属于哪一类构词法构成的词 答案 noun compounds adv v ing 问题 复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么 答案 区别也就是复合词的特点 1 Phonetic features 2 Semantic features 3 Grammatical features 问题 red meat green horn 它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词 答案 Semantic features 也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义 问题 Compounding 又被称作什么法 答案 composition 问题 由 compounding 或 composition 构成的词被称作什么 答案 compounds 问题 复合词分为几类 分别举例加以说明 答案 分为三类 solid hyphenated open solid blackmail blackmarket hyphenated brother in law open green horn green hand 问题 当形容词转为动词时分为几类 Adjectives to verbs 答案 有三类 1 Both transitive and intransitive 2 Only transitive 3 Only intransitive 问题 由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后 转成了什么词性 答案 verb to noun e g catch 问题 形容词可不可以转类 转成名词分为几个类别 答案 分为两类 1 full conversion e g black white 2 partial conversion e g the rich the poor 问题 名词再变成名词分为几类 分别举例说明 答案 1 Concrete 2 abstract e g host 可加 ess 变成具体名词 friend 加 ship 可变成抽象名词 问题 只作了解 A word is unity of sound and meaning true or false 答案 true 可从 word 的四个特点看出 问题 Most loaned words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change in sound and spelling true or false 答案 true 外来词分为四类 1 Denizens e g cup from cuppa port form portus 2 Aliens e g garage decor 3 Translation loans e g long time no see 4 Semantic loans e g dream 判断对错题 1 Conversion means transfer of a word from one class to anther true or false 答案 true 2 The relationship between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary and conventional true or false 答案 true 3 a word used in different contexts may contrast with different antonyms true or false 答案 true 4 an allomorph is any of the variant forms of morphemes true or false 答题 false 重点句 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym E g fast fast 在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念 选择题 C