英语时态结构和用法

英语时态结构和用法 英语的时态 tense j 是一种动词形式 不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式 下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述 其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合 而成的 一 一般现在时 1 概念 经常 反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某时间状语 always usually often sometimes every week day year month once a week on Sundays 3 基本结构 动词 原形 如主语为第三人称单数 动词上要加 e S 4 否定形式 am is are not 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词 则在其前加 don t 如主语为第 三人称单数 则用 doesn t 同时还原行为动词 5 一般疑问句 把 be 动词放于句首 用助动词 do 提问 如主语为第三人称单数 则用 does 同时 还原行为动词 6 例句 It seldom snows here He is always ready to help others Action speaks louder than words 二 一般过去时 1 概念 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 过去习惯性 经常性的动作 行为 时间状 语 ago yesterday the day before yesterday last week year night month in 1989 just now at the age of 5 one day long long ago once upon a time etc 3 基本结构 be 动词 行为动词 4 否定形式 was were not 在行为动词前加 didn t 同时还原行为动词 5 一般疑问句 was 或 were 放于句首 用助动词 do 的过去式 did 提问 同时还原行为动词 6 例句 She often came to help us in those days I didn t know you were so busy 三 现在进行时 1 概念 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为 2 时间状语 now at this time these days etc 3 基本结构 am is are doing 4 否定形式 am is are not doing 5 一般疑问句 把 be 动词放于句首 6 例句 How are you feeling today He is doing well in his lessons 四 过去进行时 1 概念 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作 2 时间状语 at this time yesterday at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时 间状语等 3 基本结构 was were doing 4 否定形式 was were not doing 5 一般疑问句 把 was 或 were 放于句首 6 例句 At that time she was working in a PLA unit When he came in I was reading a newspaper 五 现在完成时 1 概念 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 或从过去已经开始 持续 到现在的动作或状态 2 时间状语 recently lately since for in the past few years etc 3 基本结构 have has done 4 否定形式 have has not d one 5 一般疑问句 have 或 has 6 例句 I ve written an article It has been raining these days 六 过去完成时 1 概念 以过去某个时间为标准 在此以前发生的动作或行为 或在过去某动作之前完成 的行为 即 过去的过去 2 时间状语 before by the end of last year term month etc 3 基本结构 had done 4 否定形式 had not done 5 一般疑问句 had 放于句首 6 例句 As soon as we got to the station the train had left By the end of last month We had reviewed four books 七 一般将来时 1 概念 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算 计划或准备做某事 2 时间状语 tomorrow next day week month year soon in a few minutes by the day after tomorrow etc 3 基本结构 am is are going to do will shall do 4 否定形式 was were not 在行为动词前加 didn t 同时还原行为动词 5 一般疑问句 be 放于句首 will shall 提到句首 八 过去将来时 1 概念 立足于过去某一时刻 从过去看将来 常用于宾语从句中 2 时间状语 the next day morning year the following month week etc 3 基本结构 was were going to do would should do 4 否定形式 was were not going to do would should not do 5 一般疑问句 was 或 were 放于句首 would should 提到句首 6 例句 He said he would go to Beijing the next day I asked who was going there 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换 以下是几种常见的转换形式 一 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中 延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用 瞬间动词却不能 但是 可 用别的表达方式 瞬间动词用于 一段时间 ago 的一般过去时的句型中 瞬间动词 可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语 与一段时间连用 瞬间动词用于 It is 一段 时间 since 一般过去时 的句型中 表示 自从 以来有 时间 的意思 主句一 般用 it is 来代替 It has been 瞬间动词用于 Some time has passed since 一般过去时 的 句型中 请看 A He joined the League two years ago B He has been in the League for two years C It is two years since he joined the League D Two years has passed since he joined the League 二 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中 at 加上名词表示 处于某种状态 如 at work 在工作 at school 上 学 上课 等 此短语可与进行时态转换 请看 Peter is at work but Mike is at play Peter is working but Mike is playing 三 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中 go come leave start arrive 等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将 要发生的动作 如 I am coming Mum 意为 我就来 妈妈 请看 The train is leaving soon The train will leave soon 四 be going to 动词原形 与 will shall 动词原形 结构的转换 be going to 动词原形 表示打算 计划要做的事 将来时 will shall 动词原形 结构 在书面语中 当主语为第一人称时 常用助动词 shall 在口语中 所有人称都可以用 will 请看 We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday 英语从句大全 宾语从句 定义 宾语从句是指在复合句中做及物动词的宾语的从句 也 可以作介词和某些形容词的宾语 宾语从句一般用于及物动词之后 或用于介词之后 2 表现形式 A 及物动词后的宾语从句 1 有从属连词引导 I think that watching TV too much is bad for people s health 我认为看太多电视对身体有害 Recent court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that ed ucation 最近的法院裁决责令公立学校采取必要步骤提供那种教育 I don t know if other clients are going to abandon me too 我不知道其他顾客是否也会抛弃我 2 有连接代词引导 This test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks 这次考试的目的在于巩固你们在过去几周所学的知识 You may never find out who dealt with the complaint later 过后你可能无法知道谁处理的投诉 It is your task to find out into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit 你的任务是搞清楚 这两种工作你适合哪种 3 有连接副词引导 There are still no forecasts for when faster than light travel will be available 对于超光速旅行何时能实现 目前还没有做出预料 We can t understand why he avoided speaking to us 我们不理解他为什么不跟我们说话 They know exactly where they are going 他们清楚地知道自己的行动方向 We need to understand how the normal cell controls itself how 表示方式 我们需要了解正常细胞是如何自我控制的 We do not know how far mankind will be able to solve these problems how 表示程度 我们不知道人类能够把这些问题解决到什么程度 特别提示 如果主句谓语是 think believe suppose imagine 等 宾语从句中的否定意义通常 在主句中表现出来 称为 否定转移 例如 I don t think this is the best way 我认为这不是最佳方法 当宾语从句作介词的宾语时 不能用 if 引导 而只能用 whether Our basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such t o be preserved 一个基本的意见分歧涉及的问题是 像目前这样的城市是否还要保留下去 B 介词和某些形容词之后的宾语从句 1 介词后的宾语从句 He only laughed at what I said 对我的话他只是笑 I always think of how I can improve my spoken English 我经常考虑如何才能提高我的英语口 语 2 某些形容词后的宾语从句 I m afraid that I can t go with you 我恐怕不能和你们 一起去了 I am sure that they will make greater progress in English through hard work 我确信 通过艰苦努力他们将在英语方面取得更大的进步 3 非谓语动词之后的宾语 从句 Reading that it was just a difference in custom the foreigner smiled and said nothing 这个外国人知道了这只是风俗的不同后 就笑了笑 没说什么 On being asked whether he had any good food in Germany he answered Terrible 一问到他在德国是否吃过什么好菜 他就回答说 糟糕的很 4 用 it 作形式宾语的宾语从句 常见的表达包括 have it that 说 insist on 或 upon it that 坚决主张 坚决要求 make it clear that 表明 see to that 确保 take it that 认为 等等 I insist upon it that we should be honest 我坚决主张我们应该诚实 I take it that you don t want to do it but you have to 我认为你不想做这件事 但你必须要做 The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is l ikely to be very exciting 过去十年激光技术的迅速发展已经表明 未来可能是令人鼓舞的 Rumor has it that more than 20books on creationism and evolution are in the publisher s pipelin e 传闻说 有 20 多本关于神造说与进化论之争的书籍正在出版 in the publisher s pipeline 在进行中 在生产中 There are those who consider it questionable that these defense linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or alternately d o much to protect our diminishing resources 有些人认为这些国防研究项目将带来生活水平的 改善 或者对保护我们日益减少的资源做出重大贡献是值得怀疑的 表语从句 1 定义 表语从句是指在复合句中做主句表语的从句 表语从句 和主语只同一内容 它对主语进行解释 说明 是主语的内容具体化 2 表现形式 A 由从属连词引导 The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves 译 传达的信息一清二楚 我们应该行动起来保护我们自己 The reason I didn t go to France was that I got a new job 译 我之所以没去法国是因为我找到一份新工作 特别提示 下列表达式不规范的 The reason I didn t go to France was because I got a new job 因为 because 不能引导名词性从句 The question is whether he works at all 译 问题在于他是否工作 特别提示 下列表达是错误的 The question is if he works at all 因为 if 不能引导表语从句 B 有连接代词引导 China is not what it used to be 译 中国不再是过去的样子了 Raw material is what we are badly in need of 原材料是我们急需的 C 有连接副词引导 The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report 我们必须决定的下一个问题是 是么时候我们必须呈交年度报告 Some people maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies 有些人坚持认为这恰恰是危 险所在 This is why I didn t pass the exam 这就是我考试不及格的原因 D A is to B what C is to D 这是一种涉及表语从句特殊形式的句型 所表达的基本意义为 A 之于 B 正如 C 之于 D 前后进行类比 通过说明 C 对于 D 的重要性 目的在于突出 A 对于 B 的重要性 The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a soldier 笔对于作家正如枪对于士兵 Air is to us what water is to fish 空气对于我们正如同水对于鱼儿 Reading is to the mind what food is to body 读书对于思想就如同食物对于身体 主语从句 1 定义 主语从句是指在复合句中做主句主语的从句 2 表现形式 A 由从属连词 that whether if 引导 That the plates are moving is beyond dispute 译 板块在运动 这是无可置疑的 特别提示 不能这样表达 The plates are moving is beyond dispute 尽管 that 没有实际含 义 但它起到引导主句的功能 在这里不可或缺 否则句子结构会出现混乱 That our environment has little if anything to do with our abilities characteristics and behavior is central to that theory 译 这种理论的核心是 我们的环境同我们的才能 性格特征和行 为即使有什么关系的话 也是微不足道的 Whether she will come or not is still a question 译 她是否来仍然是个疑问 Whether the results will be valuable meaningless or even misleading depends partly upon the t ool itself but largely upon the user 译 结果究竟是有价值的 还是无意义的 甚至是误导的 这在部分程度上取决于工具本身 但在很大程度上取决于使用者 特别提示 whether 引导 的主语从句位于句首时 不能有 if 代替 B 由连词代词引导 Who will go to the energy conference is not important 疑问分句作主语 谁将去参加能源会议并不重要 What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world 他想看到的是世界上一切军 队的消亡 C 由连词副词引导 How he manages to finish the job is of interest to us all 他如何设法完成这项工作的 我们对 此都很感兴趣 Why he failed the English exam wasn t clear 还不清楚他为什么没有通过英 语考试 When they will leave for Beijing is not yet decided 他们什么时候动身去北京还未确 定 D 用 it 作形式主语 由于主语从句位于句首会使句子显得头重脚轻 一次常把它移到 句