大学英语四级段落信息匹配题技巧

1 英语四 六级段落信息匹配题英语四 六级段落信息匹配题 一 英语四级段落信息匹配题是什么 一 英语四级段落信息匹配题是什么 长篇阅读理解篇章后附有 10 个句子 每句一题 每句所含的信息出自篇章 的某一段落 要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落 有的段落可能对应 两题 有的段落可能不对应任何一题 四级考试需要各位同学做的是 大家需 要去看十个左右的段落 然后去匹配十个信息点 但是到六级当中 我们的难 度就要增加了 我们见到的情况是六级当中变成了 15 个段落 去匹配十个信息 点 但总体来看 不管题型怎么变 其实学习方法没变 还是仍旧需要大家提 高阅读的能力 比如说读文章的时候 是不是直接拿英语读 如果读快速阅读 的时候 还是拿中文边翻译边读的话 会发现阅读速度一直会比较慢 所以那 么长的文章很难找到细节 所以大家一定要养成拿英语直接阅读的这样一种习 惯 这样才能保证我们的阅读速度又快又准 二 信息匹配题难点分析二 信息匹配题难点分析 1 考生难以按照阅读题一贯遵循的考生难以按照阅读题一贯遵循的 顺序原则顺序原则 解题 由于这一题型要解题 由于这一题型要 求考生把细节信息与其所在的段落求考生把细节信息与其所在的段落 进行匹配 因此细节信息的排列绝进行匹配 因此细节信息的排列绝 对是对是 乱序的乱序的 这就意味着考生从 这就意味着考生从 文章开头到结尾按顺序定位的方法文章开头到结尾按顺序定位的方法 是行不通的 是行不通的 2 2 题干信息复杂 考生难以迅速抓题干信息复杂 考生难以迅速抓 住要领 题干中的细节信息通常是住要领 题干中的细节信息通常是 极复杂和繁琐的名词短语或长难句 极复杂和繁琐的名词短语或长难句 考生往往在寻找到合适的定位词之考生往往在寻找到合适的定位词之 前 就已经被题干信息的复杂表述前 就已经被题干信息的复杂表述 弄得晕头转向了 弄得晕头转向了 3 考生难以寻找到合适的定位词 考生难以寻找到合适的定位词 即使考生能够读懂题干中晦涩难懂即使考生能够读懂题干中晦涩难懂 的细节信息 但也会在寻找定位词的细节信息 但也会在寻找定位词 时遇到很大障碍 因为题干提供的时遇到很大障碍 因为题干提供的 细节信息中往往不会出现非常明显细节信息中往往不会出现非常明显 的定位词的定位词 如数字 如数字 时间时间 地点 人物 地点 人物 特殊字体和特殊符号等特殊字体和特殊符号等 即使考生 即使考生 能够找到一个定位词 这一定位词能够找到一个定位词 这一定位词 3 也通常和文章主题密切相关 会在也通常和文章主题密切相关 会在 文章中多次出现 因而也没有太大文章中多次出现 因而也没有太大 的意义 的意义 三 匹配三 匹配题出题特点及应试技巧题出题特点及应试技巧 匹配类题型有很多种 常见的种类匹配类题型有很多种 常见的种类 有 有 1 人名 人名 观点匹配 观点匹配 2 地名地名 描描 述匹配 述匹配 3 句子 句子 句子匹配 句子匹配 4 分 分 类题类题 Classification 5 段落 段落 标题标题 匹配 匹配 6 段落段落 细节匹配 其中前四细节匹配 其中前四 种做题方法比较类似 而后两种相种做题方法比较类似 而后两种相 对较复杂 这里将阐述前四种题型对较复杂 这里将阐述前四种题型 的做题方法 的做题方法 1 扭转做题思维扭转做题思维 4 先要扭转做题思维 不是找到句子先要扭转做题思维 不是找到句子 答案所在 而是判断这句话在哪一答案所在 而是判断这句话在哪一 段会出现 所以我们首要明确 考段会出现 所以我们首要明确 考 官出这个题是要考察我们什么阅读官出这个题是要考察我们什么阅读 能力 我认为不是细节阅读能力 能力 我认为不是细节阅读能力 而是对文章框架思路的把握能力 而是对文章框架思路的把握能力 2 预览题干 明确关键词 预览题干 明确关键词 该题型的解题基本思路是 先快该题型的解题基本思路是 先快 速地将题干读一下 划出关键词速地将题干读一下 划出关键词 然然 后采用后采用 skimming 和和 scanning 的方的方 式通读原文 匹配信息 式通读原文 匹配信息 3 快速掌握文章脉络 快速掌握文章脉络 5 通过阅读中心句快速掌握文章脉络 通过阅读中心句快速掌握文章脉络 中心句一般出现在首位句 转折词中心句一般出现在首位句 转折词 如如 but 或者因果关系联接词如或者因果关系联接词如 as a result 引领的第二句 或者问句后面引领的第二句 或者问句后面 的答句 一般建议在找到中心句后 的答句 一般建议在找到中心句后 读一下末句 可以更精确地掌控段读一下末句 可以更精确地掌控段 意 若无特别明显的中心句 首尾意 若无特别明显的中心句 首尾 句的阅读也有助于理解段意 阅读句的阅读也有助于理解段意 阅读 过程当中 有的信息点明确可直接过程当中 有的信息点明确可直接 先去选出答案 这里我们也要明确先去选出答案 这里我们也要明确 要多看英文 掌握英文的行文思路 要多看英文 掌握英文的行文思路 一般而言剑桥里的文章组织有三大一般而言剑桥里的文章组织有三大 类 一是按时间 如货物运输 这类 一是按时间 如货物运输 这 是最简单的 是最简单的 二是按观点二是按观点 原因原因 发展发展 瓶颈瓶颈 措施措施 目标的布局来目标的布局来 6 分析一件事物 三是分析一件事物 三是 偏科普的偏科普的 夹夹 杂很多不同派别的理论 这个相对杂很多不同派别的理论 这个相对 而言比较难 而言比较难 4 4 注意字句的形式变化 注意字句的形式变化 在长篇阅读中寻找相关信息的难度在长篇阅读中寻找相关信息的难度 很大程度上取决于考生对字句形式很大程度上取决于考生对字句形式 变化的辨变化的辨识识能能力力 需需要要注注意意三三种种变变化化 形形式式 1 题题干干只只对对原原文文中中个个别别单单词词或或 词词组组进进行行同同义义改改写写或或转转述述 2 题干对题干对 原文中整句话原文中整句话进进行行同同义义改改写写或或转转述述 3 题干对原文中几句话或整段内容题干对原文中几句话或整段内容 进行综合概括或推断 这就对考生进行综合概括或推断 这就对考生 的单词量 对某一单词多重释义的的单词量 对某一单词多重释义的 7 了解以及对句意的概括或推断能力了解以及对句意的概括或推断能力 提出了新要求 提出了新要求 5 5 注注意意标记 标记 在在首首次次阅阅读读的的过过程程中中如如果果不不能能确确 定定某某些些单单句句是是否否与与该该段段落落相相匹匹配配 最最好好做做个个记记号号 以以便便第第二二次次阅阅读读 时时更更有有针针对对性性 第第二二次次阅阅读读的的目目的的 一是检查已初步确定的段落与单句一是检查已初步确定的段落与单句 是否确实匹配 是否确实匹配 二二是是完完成成第第一一遍遍阅阅读读 中中尚尚未未解解答答的的题题目目 6 6 注意时间的合理使用 不要为确注意时间的合理使用 不要为确 定某个细节问题而浪费大量的时间 定某个细节问题而浪费大量的时间 关键词的类型关键词的类型 8 1 人名 地名和专有名词人名 地名和专有名词 2 一些拼写较长的词 比如 一些拼写较长的词 比如 internship competitiveness global ization integration sustainability innovative immigration 等 这等 这 些词属于低频词 一般不会大篇幅些词属于低频词 一般不会大篇幅 地出现 利用这些词可以高效地查地出现 利用这些词可以高效地查 找匹配段落 另外 这些词有时会找匹配段落 另外 这些词有时会 作为生词在文中标注出来 像作为生词在文中标注出来 像 internship 在原文中用斜体印刷 在原文中用斜体印刷 并以括号备注中文 我们选它做关并以括号备注中文 我们选它做关 键词 瞬间就能找到原文出处了 键词 瞬间就能找到原文出处了 2 数字 包括年代 百分比 数字 包括年代 百分比 特殊事件等 如四级样卷中的 特殊事件等 如四级样卷中的 9 mid 1970s 3 9 percent 20 percent September 11 等 教研君等 教研君 利用这些数字进行定位 测得的准利用这些数字进行定位 测得的准 确率是确率是 100 哦哦 3 以连字符连接的特殊词汇 以连字符连接的特殊词汇 如 如 university based one child 这些词是由两个这些词是由两个 或三个或三个 单词连接的单词连接的 新词 一般当成形容词使用 三个新词 一般当成形容词使用 三个 单词的例子如 单词的例子如 hard to grasp 难以难以 理解的 这些词也属于低频词 一理解的 这些词也属于低频词 一 般不会大篇幅出现 需要注意的是般不会大篇幅出现 需要注意的是 有时候我们需要将这些词拆开来定有时候我们需要将这些词拆开来定 位 如位 如 one child 在原文中是没有的 在原文中是没有的 原文是这样的原文是这样的 They often 10 compromise by having just one child 这里的这里的 one child 就不是整体作为形就不是整体作为形 容词使用了 容词使用了 4 研究 报告 书籍型词汇 研究 报告 书籍型词汇 如 如 report study books 等 一般等 一般 来说研究 报告等内容都是易考点 来说研究 报告等内容都是易考点 这些信息经常出现在特定的段落里 这些信息经常出现在特定的段落里 所以根据这些词汇作为关键词也很所以根据这些词汇作为关键词也很 容易定位 容易定位 5 最高级 如最高级 如 best worst most 等 如六级第等 如六级第 54 题 关键词之一为题 关键词之一为 the best solution 然而仅凭此关键词 然而仅凭此关键词 我们可能无法迅速地找到答案 因我们可能无法迅速地找到答案 因 为原文的表述是为原文的表述是 the most effective 11 method 用的词汇是完全不一样的 用的词汇是完全不一样的 这时 我们还需要增加一个关键词这时 我们还需要增加一个关键词 pension 帮助我们定位 这就提醒 帮助我们定位 这就提醒 我们在平常的阅读中应多关注最高我们在平常的阅读中应多关注最高 级出现的地方 因为它常常是考点 级出现的地方 因为它常常是考点 6 具有特殊意义的指示性词汇 这具有特殊意义的指示性词汇 这 类词汇虽然不是通常意义上的定位类词汇虽然不是通常意义上的定位 关键词 但其特殊含义可将考生的关键词 但其特殊含义可将考生的 注意力指向原文的开头 结尾或是注意力指向原文的开头 结尾或是 某个具有特殊特征的段落 某个具有特殊特征的段落 这些词通常包括如下三类 这些词通常包括如下三类 能够能够 指示开头段的词汇指示开头段的词汇 如如 overview introduction initiation 12 main idea definition 等等 能够能够 指示结尾段的词指示结尾段的词 如如 overview future solution conclusion suggestion s ummary 等等 能够帮助考生回原能够帮助考生回原 文定位的特殊词汇文定位的特殊词汇 如如 rate ratio proportion percentag e 等等词词往往往往对应对应含含 的段落 的段落 number figure statistical demographics 等等词词往往往往对应对应数字集数字集 中的段落 中的段落 financial income revenue salary 等等词词往往往往对应对应含含诸诸如如 等等货币货币 符号的段落符号的段落 考生能够通过这些指 考生能够通过这些指 13 示性词汇缩小回原文定位的范围 示性词汇缩小回原文定位的范围 从而快速判定从而快速判定 表表 1 四级样卷长篇阅读四级样卷长篇阅读 14 15 表表 2 六级样卷长篇阅读六级样卷长篇阅读 16 17 Passage One Universities Branch Out A As never before in their long history universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive 18 advantage But at the same time the opening of national borders to the flow of goods services information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration mutual understanding and geopolitical stability B In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy universities have become more self consciously global seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative 合作的合作的 research programs to advance science for the 19 benefit of all humanity C Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3 9 percent from 800 000 in 1975 to 2 5 million in 2004 Most travel from one developed nation to another but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly The reverse flow from developed to developing countries is on the rise too Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well to 8 percent of the 20 undergraduates at America s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U K In the United States 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign born and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad D Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country In Europe more than 140 000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year taking courses for credit in one of 2 200 participating institutions across the continent And in the United States institutions are helping place students in summer internships 实习实习 21 abroad to prepare them for global careers Yale and Harvard have led the way offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity and providing the financial resources to make it possible E Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai s Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4 300 square meter laboratory 22 facility Yale faculty postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses The arrangement benefits both countries Xu s Yale lab is more productive thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China and Chinese graduate students postdoctors and faculty get on the job training from a world class scientist and his U S team F As a result of its strength in science the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure 基础设施基础设施 and applications software of the 1990s 23 The link between university based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard Around the world governments have encouraged copying of this model perhaps most successfully in Cambridge England where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university G For all its success the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength but 24 support for research funding has been unsteady The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003 but has risen more slowly than inflation since then Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome but the nation would be better served by steady predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long term GDP growth which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year H American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding Adjusted for inflation public funding for 25 international exchanges and foreign language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago In the wake of September 11 changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U S universities and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia Singapore and the U K Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students I Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation s well being through their scientific research but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their 26 knowledge and skills back home They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects first the very best of them stay in the States and like immigrants throughout history strengthen the nation and second foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished 珍视珍视 values when they return home Or at least they understand them better In America as elsewhere few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students 1 American universities prepare 27 their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship 2 Since the mid 1970s the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3 9 percent 3 The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness 4 The way research is carried out in universities has changed as a result of globalization 5 Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States twenty percent come from foreign countries 6 The number of foreign students applying to U S universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process 28 7 The U S federal funding for research has been unsteady for years 8 Around the world governments encourage the model of linking university based science and industrial application 9 Present day universities have become a powerful force for global integration 10 When foreign students leave America they will bring American values back to their home countries Passage Two Into the unknown A Until the early 1900s nobody thought much about the whole populations getting older UN had the foresight to convene a world assembly on ageing back in 1982 29 but that came and went By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happening In a report entitled Averting the Old Age Crisis it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable B For the next ten years a succession of books mainly by Americans surrounded by the alarm They had titles like Young vs Old Gray Dawn and The Coming Generational Storm and their message was blunt health care systems were heading for the rocks pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners and soon there would be intergenerational warfare C Since then the debate has become less emotional not least because a lot more is known about the subject Books conferences and research papers have multiplied International 30 organizations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports Population ageing is on every agenda from G8 economic conferences to NATO summits The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year The media including the newspaper are giving the subject extensive coverage D Whether all that attention has translated into sufficient action is another question Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health care promises will soon become unaffordable and many of them have embarked on reforms but so far only timidly That is not surprising politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular 31 measures that may not bear fruit for years perhaps decades E The outline of the changes needed is clear To avoid fiscal 财政的财政的 meltdown public pensions and health care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time It may even keep them alive longer John Rother the AARP s head of policy and strategy points to studies showing that other things being equal people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers F Younger people today mostly 32 accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are worth holding on to That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from partly thanks to the post war baby boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labor force increasing employers choice But the reservoir of women able and willing to take up paid work is running low and the baby boomers are going grey G In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labor force as have already emerged and remember that the real shortage is still around ten years off Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been and it 33 is making a useful difference In still fertile America it currently accounts for about 40 of total population growth and in fast ageing Western Europe for about 90 H On the face of it it seems the perfect solution Many developing countries have lots of young people in the need of jobs many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth But over the next few decades labor forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate to at least twice their current size in western Europe s most youthful countries and three times in the older ones Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present Public 34 opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high Further big increases would be politically unfeasible I To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root old countries would have to rejuvenate 使年轻使年轻 themselves by having more of their own children A number of them have tried some more successfully than others But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families Women find it hard to combine family and career They often compromise by having just one child J And if fertility in ageing countries 35 does not pick up It will not be the end of the world at least not for quite a while yet but the world will become a different place Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones By 2025 at the latest about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries will be over 50 and older people turn out to vote in much greater numbers than younger ones Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them though if in future there are many more of them they might start doing so K Nor is there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s After all older people 36 themselves mostly have famili