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20102010 1212 一一 In In thethe earlyearly 20th20th century century fewfew thingsthings werewere moremore appealingappealing thanthan thethe promisepromise of of scientificscientific knowledge knowledge In In a a worldworld strugglingstruggling withwith rapidrapid industrialization industrialization sciencescience andand technologytechnology seemedseemed to to offeroffer solutionssolutions to to almostalmost everyevery problem problem NewlyNewly createdcreated statestate collegescolleges andand universitiesuniversities devoteddevoted themselvesthemselves almostalmost entirelyentirely to to scientific scientific technological technological andand engineeringengineering fields fields ManyMany AmericansAmericans camecame to to believebelieve thatthat scientificscientific certaintycertainty couldcould notnot onlyonly solvesolve scientificscientific problems problems butbut alsoalso reformreform politics politics government government andand business business TwoTwo worldworld warswars andand a a GreatGreat DepressionDepression rockedrocked thethe confidenceconfidence of of manymany peoplepeople thatthat scientificscientific expertiseexpertise alonealone couldcould createcreate a a prosperousprosperous andand orderedordered world world AfterAfter WorldWorld WarWar thethe academicacademic worldworld turnedturned withwith newnew enthusiasmenthusiasm to to humanistichumanistic studies studies whichwhich seemedseemed to to manymany scholarsscholars thethe bestbest wayway to to ensureensure thethe survivalsurvival of of democracy democracy AmericanAmerican scholarsscholars fannedfanned outout acrossacross muchmuch of of thethe worldworld withwith supportsupport fromfrom thethe FordFord Foundation Foundation thethe FulbrightFulbright program program etc etc to to promotepromote thethe teachingteaching of of literatureliterature andand thethe artsarts in in anan efforteffort to to makemake thethe casecase forfor democraticdemocratic freedoms freedoms In In thethe AmericaAmerica of of ourour ownown time time thethe greatgreat educationaleducational challengechallenge hashas becomebecome anan efforteffort to to strengthenstrengthen thethe teachingteaching of of whatwhat is is nownow knownknown as as thethe STEMSTEM disciplinesdisciplines science science technology technology engineering engineering andand math math ThereThere is is considerableconsiderable andand justifiedjustified concernconcern thatthat thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates is is fallingfalling behindbehind muchmuch of of thethe restrest of of thethe developeddeveloped worldworld in in thesethese essentialessential disciplines disciplines India India China China Japan Japan andand otherother regionsregions seemseem to to bebe seizingseizing technologicaltechnological leadership leadership AtAt thethe samesame time time perhapsperhaps inevitably inevitably thethe humanitieshumanities whilewhile stillstill popularpopular in in eliteelite collegescolleges andand universitiesuniversities havehave experiencedexperienced a a significantsignificant decline decline HumanisticHumanistic disciplinesdisciplines areare seriouslyseriously underfunded underfunded notnot justjust byby thethe governmentgovernment andand thethe foundationsfoundations butbut byby academicacademic institutionsinstitutions themselves themselves HumanistsHumanists areare usuallyusually amongamong thethe lowest paidlowest paid facultyfaculty membersmembers at at mostmost institutionsinstitutions andand areare oftenoften lightlylightly regardedregarded becausebecause theythey dodo notnot generategenerate grantgrant incomeincome andand becausebecause theythey provideprovide nono obviousobvious credentialscredentials 资质资质 forfor mostmost nonacademicnonacademic careers careers UndoubtedlyUndoubtedly AmericanAmerican educationeducation shouldshould traintrain moremore scientistsscientists andand engineers engineers MuchMuch of of thethe concernconcern amongamong politicianspoliticians aboutabout thethe statestate of of AmericanAmerican universitiesuniversities todaytoday is is focusedfocused onon thethe absenceabsence of of real real world world educationeducation whichwhich meansmeans preparationpreparation forfor professionalprofessional andand scientificscientific careers careers ButBut thethe ideaidea thatthat institutionsinstitutions or or theirtheir studentsstudents mustmust decidedecide betweenbetween humanitieshumanities andand sciencescience is is false false OurOur societysociety couldcould notnot survivesurvive withoutwithout scientificscientific andand technologicaltechnological knowledge knowledge ButBut wewe wouldwould bebe equallyequally impoverishedimpoverished 贫困贫困 的的 withoutwithout humanistichumanistic knowledgeknowledge as as well well ScienceScience andand technologytechnology teachteach usus whatwhat wewe cancan do do HumanisticHumanistic thinkingthinking helpshelps usus understandunderstand whatwhat wewe shouldshould do do It It is is almostalmost impossibleimpossible to to imagineimagine ourour societysociety withoutwithout thinkingthinking of of thethe extraordinaryextraordinary achievementsachievements of of scientistsscientists andand engineersengineers in in buildingbuilding ourour complicatedcomplicated world world ButBut trytry to to imagineimagine ourour worldworld as as wellwell withoutwithout thethe remarkableremarkable worksworks thatthat havehave defineddefined ourour cultureculture andand values values WeWe havehave alwaysalways needed needed andand wewe stillstill need need both both 二二 WillWill therethere everever bebe anotheranother Einstein Einstein ThisThis is is thethe undercurrentundercurrent of of conversationconversation at at EinsteinEinstein memorialmemorial meetingsmeetings throughoutthroughout thethe year year A A newnew EinsteinEinstein willwill emerge emerge scientistsscientists say say ButBut it it maymay taketake a a longlong time time AfterAfter all all moremore thanthan 200200 yearsyears separatedseparated EinsteinEinstein fromfrom hishis nearestnearest rival rival IsaacIsaac Newton Newton ManyMany physicistsphysicists saysay thethe nextnext EinsteinEinstein hasn thasn t beenbeen bornborn yet yet or or is is a a babybaby now now That sThat s becausebecause thethe questquest forfor a a unifiedunified theorytheory thatthat wouldwould accountaccount forfor allall thethe forcesforces of of naturenature hashas pushedpushed currentcurrent mathematicsmathematics to to itsits limits limits NewNew mathmath mustmust bebe createdcreated beforebefore thethe problemproblem cancan bebe solved solved ButBut researchersresearchers saysay therethere areare manymany otherother factorsfactors workingworking againstagainst anotheranother EinsteinEinstein emergingemerging anytimeanytime soon soon ForFor oneone thing thing physicsphysics is is a a muchmuch differentdifferent fieldfield today today In In Einstein sEinstein s day day therethere werewere onlyonly a a fewfew thousandthousand physicistsphysicists worldwide worldwide andand thethe theoreticianstheoreticians whowho couldcould intellectuallyintellectually rivalrival EinsteinEinstein probablyprobably wouldwould fitfit intointo a a streetcarstreetcar withwith seatsseats to to spare spare EducationEducation is is different different too too OneOne crucialcrucial aspectaspect of of Einstein sEinstein s trainingtraining thatthat is is overlookedoverlooked is is thethe yearsyears of of philosophyphilosophy hehe readread as as a a teenagerteenager Kant Kant SchopenhauerSchopenhauer andand Spinoza Spinoza amongamong others others It It taughttaught himhim howhow to to thinkthink independentlyindependently andand abstractlyabstractly aboutabout spacespace andand time time andand it it wasn twasn t longlong beforebefore hehe becamebecame a a philosopherphilosopher himself himself The The independenceindependence createdcreated byby philosophicalphilosophical insightinsight is is in in mymy opinionopinion thethe markmark of of distinctiondistinction betweenbetween a a meremere artisanartisan 工匠工匠 or or specialistspecialist andand a a realreal seekerseeker afterafter truth truth EinsteinEinstein wrotewrote in in 1944 1944 AndAnd hehe waswas anan accomplishedaccomplished musician musician TheThe interplayinterplay betweenbetween musicmusic andand mathmath is is wellwell known known EinsteinEinstein wouldwould furiouslyfuriously playplay hishis violinviolin as as a a wayway to to thinkthink throughthrough a a knottyknotty physicsphysics problem problem Today Today universitiesuniversities havehave producedproduced millionsmillions of of physicists physicists ThereThere aren taren t manymany jobsjobs in in sciencescience forfor them them soso theythey gogo to to WallWall StreetStreet andand SiliconSilicon ValleyValley to to applyapply theirtheir analyticalanalytical skillsskills to to moremore practicalpractical andand rewardingrewarding efforts efforts Maybe Maybe therethere is is anan EinsteinEinstein outout therethere today today saidsaid ColumbiaColumbia UniversityUniversity physicistphysicist BrianBrian Greene Greene but but it it wouldwould bebe a a lotlot harderharder forfor himhim to to bebe heard heard EspeciallyEspecially consideringconsidering whatwhat EinsteinEinstein waswas proposing proposing The The actualactual fabricfabric of of spacespace andand timetime curving curving MyMy God God whatwhat anan idea idea GreeneGreene saidsaid at at a a recentrecent gatheringgathering at at thethe AspenAspen Institute Institute It It takestakes a a certaincertain typetype of of personperson whowho willwill bangbang hishis headhead againstagainst thethe wallwall becausebecause youyou believebelieve you llyou ll findfind thethe solution solution PerhapsPerhaps thethe bestbest examplesexamples areare thethe fivefive scientificscientific paperspapers EinsteinEinstein wrotewrote in in hishis miracle miracle year year of of 1905 1905 TheseThese thought thought experiments experiments werewere pagespages of of calculationscalculations signedsigned andand submittedsubmitted to to thethe prestigiousprestigious journaljournal AnnalenAnnalen derder PhysikPhysik byby a a virtualvirtual unknown unknown ThereThere werewere nono footnotesfootnotes or or citations citations WhatWhat mightmight happenhappen to to suchsuch a a submissionsubmission today today We We allall getget paperspapers likelike thosethose in in thethe mail mail GreeneGreene said said We We putput themthem in in thethe junkjunk file file 20102010 一一 OnlyOnly twotwo countriescountries in in thethe advancedadvanced worldworld provideprovide onon guaranteeguarantee forfor paidpaid leaveleave fromfrom workwork to to carecare forfor a a newbornnewborn child child LastLast springspring oneone of of thethe two two Australia Australia gavegave upup thatthat dubiousdubious distinctiondistinction byby establishingestablishing paidpaid familyfamily leaveleave startingstarting in in 2011 2011 I I wasn twasn t surprisedsurprised whenwhen thisthis didn tdidn t makemake thethe newsnews herehere in in thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates we rewe re nownow thethe onlyonly wealthywealthy countrycountry withoutwithout suchsuch a a policy policy TheThe UnitedUnited StatesStates doesdoes havehave oneone explicitexplicit familyfamily policy policy thethe FamilyFamily andand MedicalMedical LeaveLeave Act Act passedpassed in in 1933 1933 It It entitlesentitles workersworkers to to as as muchmuch as as 1212 weeks weeks unpaidunpaid leaveleave forfor carecare of of a a newbornnewborn or or dealingdealing withwith a a familyfamily medicalmedical problem problem DespiteDespite thethe modestymodesty of of thethe benefit benefit thethe ChamberChamber of of CommerceCommerce andand otherother businessbusiness groupsgroups foughtfought it it bitterly bitterly describingdescribing it it as as government run government run personnelpersonnel management management andand a a dangerous dangerous precedent precedent In In fact fact everyevery stepstep of of thethe way way as as usually usually DemocraticDemocratic leadersleaders havehave triedtried to to introduceintroduce work familywork family balancebalance measuresmeasures intointo thethe law law businessbusiness groupsgroups havehave beenbeen stronglystrongly opposed opposed AsAs YaleYale lawlaw professorprofessor AnneAnne A1stottA1stott argues argues justifyingjustifying parentalparental supportsupport dependsdepends onon definingdefining thethe familyfamily as as a a socialsocial goodgood that that in in somesome sense sense societysociety mustmust paypay for for In In herher bookbook NoNo Exit Exit WhatWhat ParentsParents OweOwe TheirTheir ChildrenChildren andand WhatWhat SocietySociety OwesOwes Parents Parents sheshe arguesargues thatthat parentsparents areare burdenedburdened in in manymany waysways in in theirtheir lives lives therethere is is no no exit exit whenwhen it it comescomes to to children children Society Society expectsexpects andand needsneeds parentsparents to to provideprovide theirtheir childrenchildren withwith continuitycontinuity of of care care meaningmeaning thethe intensive intensive intimateintimate carecare thatthat humanhuman beingsbeings needneed to to developdevelop theirtheir intellectual intellectual emotional emotional andand moralmoral capabilities capabilities AndAnd societysociety expectsexpects andand needsneeds parentsparents to to persistpersist in in theirtheir rolerole forfor 1818 years years or or longerlonger if if needed needed WhileWhile mostmost parentsparents dodo thisthis outout of of love love therethere areare publicpublic penaltiespenalties forfor notnot providingproviding care care WhatWhat parentsparents do do in in otherother words words is is of of deepdeep concernconcern to to thethe state state forfor thethe obviousobvious reasonreason thatthat caringcaring forfor childrenchildren is is notnot onlyonly morallymorally urgenturgent butbut essentialessential forfor thethe futurefuture of of society society TheThe statestate recognizesrecognizes thisthis in in thethe largelarge bodybody of of familyfamily lawslaws thatthat governgovern children schildren s welfare welfare yetyet parentsparents receivereceive littlelittle helphelp in in meetingmeeting thethe life changinglife changing obligationsobligations societysociety imposes imposes ToTo classifyclassify parentsparents receivereceive littlelittle helphelp in in meetingmeeting thethe life life changingchanging obligationsobligations societysociety imposes imposes ToTo classifyclassify parentingparenting as as a a personalpersonal choicechoice forfor whichwhich therethere is is onon collectivecollective responsibilityresponsibility is is notnot merelymerely to to ignoreignore thethe socialsocial benefitsbenefits of of goodgood parenting parenting really really it it is is to to stealsteal thosethose benefitsbenefits becausebecause theythey accrue accrue 不断积累不断积累 to to thethe wholewhole of of societysociety as as today stoday s childrenchildren becomebecome tomorrow stomorrow s productiveproductive citizenry citizenry 公民公民 In In fact fact byby somesome estimates estimates thethe valuevalue of of parentalparental investmentsinvestments in in children children investmentsinvestments of of timetime andand moneymoney including including lostlost wages wages is is equalequal to to 20 30 20 30 of of grossgross domesticdomestic product product If If thesethese investmentsinvestments generategenerate hugehuge socialsocial benefitsbenefits as as theythey clearlyclearly dodo thethe benefitsbenefits of of providingproviding moremore socialsocial supportsupport forfor thethe familyfamily shouldshould bebe thatthat muchmuch clearer clearer 二二 ThereThere areare fewfew moremore soberingsobering onlineonline activitiesactivities thanthan enteringentering datadata intointo college tuitioncollege tuition calculatorscalculators andand gaspinggasping as as thethe WebWeb spitsspits backback a a six figuresix figure sum sum ButBut economistseconomists saysay familiesfamilies aboutabout to to gogo intointo debtdebt to to fundfund fourfour yearsyears of of partying partying as as wellwell as as studying studying cancan consoleconsole themselvesthemselves withwith thethe knowledgeknowledge thatthat collegecollege is is anan investmentinvestment that that unlikeunlike manymany bankbank stocks stocks shouldshould yieldyield hugehuge dividends dividends A A 20082008 studystudy byby twotwo HarvardHarvard economistseconomists notesnotes thatthat thethe labor market labor market premiumpremium to to skill skill or or thethe amountamount collegecollege graduatesgraduates earnedearned that sthat s greatergreater thanthan whatwhat high schoolhigh school graduategraduate earnedearned decreaseddecreased forfor muchmuch of of thethe 20th20th century century butbut hashas comecome backback withwith a a vengeancevengeance 报复性地报复性地 sincesince thethe 1980s 1980s In In 2005 2005 TheThe typicaltypical full timefull time year roundyear round U S U S workerworker withwith a a four yearfour year collegecollege degreedegree earnedearned 50 900 50 900 62 62 moremore thanthan thethe 31 500 31 500 earnedearned byby a a workerworker withwith onlyonly a a high schoolhigh school diploma diploma There sThere s nono questionquestion thatthat goinggoing to to collegecollege is is a a smartsmart economiceconomic choice choice ButBut a a looklook at at thethe strangestrange variationsvariations in in tuitiontuition revealsreveals thatthat thethe choicechoice aboutabout whichwhich collegecollege to to attendattend doesn tdoesn t comecome downdown merelymerely to to dollarsdollars andand cents cents DoesDoes goinggoing to to ColumbiaColumbia UniversityUniversity tuition tuition roomroom andand boardboard 49 260 49 260 in in 2007 08 2007 08 yieldyield a a 40 40 greatergreater returnreturn thanthan attendingattending thethe UniversityUniversity of of ColoradoColorado at at BoulderBoulder as as anan out of stateout of state studentstudent 35 542 35 542 Proba