高考阅读理解细节理解题的解题步骤和方法

高考高考阅读阅读理解理解细节细节理解理解题题的解的解题题步步骤骤和方法和方法 细节理解题 是高考英语阅读理解最重要的一类题型 根据我的分类 所有 的阅读理解题型按照答案在文中出现的位置和形式不通 可以分为细节理解和 主旨大意两大类 而前一类在整个题量当中大概会占到 80 甚至以上的比例 一 细节理解题的分类 细节理解题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复 而是根据文中 的细节经过合理的推理或转化得出的 1 同样 按照答案在原文中出现的位置 细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解 题和分散型细节理解题 1 集中型 就文章的单个细节提问 答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单 句话或几句话中 因为具体细节不同 出题形式千变万化 因题而异 如 2010 江苏 57 According to the passage the ancestors of the Potter family most probably 2010 上海 70 As is mentioned in the card the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that 2 分散型 题目涉及到文章某一段或几段 甚至贯穿全文的各个位置 需要 考生寻找文章中的多个细节 请注意 分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正 确答案出现在文章的不同位置 正确答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细 节 只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的细节 需要我们在定位的时候阅读某 一个区域 分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有 Which of the following is not true We can learn infer from the passage that Which of the following is NOT mentioned about 也有因题而异的 有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中 需要考生仔细定位 如 2010 江苏 61 Some people are against killing wolves because 原文所陈述的原因有很多段 而并不是单个的句子 2 就题目形式而言 细节理解题的表现形式是多种多样的 最常见的有 1 文章细节 针对文中细节直接提问 2 指代判断 判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系 3 图表数据 对题目中的图标和数据进行简单的计算 4 词义猜测 推测文中某个词或词组的含义 5 顺序排列 选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺序 6 态度目的 作者在文中引入某个细节的目的 或对某个细节或细节人物的 态度 二 细节理解解题方法 三大法宝 顺序原则 定位词 排除法 1 把握解题的顺序原则 一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的 这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围 大大提高效率 我们做题时可以采用采用步步为 营法 看一题做一题 2010 广东 C Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning Food poisoning is usually not serious but some types are deadly 51 题答案 The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food Fever is one of the most common symptoms 52 题答案 Certain microorganisms 微生物 cause most types of food poisoning 53 题 答案 Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs meat vegetables and many other foods After entering the body these tiny living things release 释放 poisons that make people sick Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning 53 题答案 They are often added to food while it is being grown processed or prepaid For example many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people 53 题答案 These include certain kinds of seafood grains nuts seeds beans and mushrooms When people handle food properly the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it Finally people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans In addition some types of fish can be poisonous 54 题答案 Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water If people eat natural poisons they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied 51 Which of the following statements is NOT true A Food when poisoned can make people sick B Food poisoning means death C Food poisoning comes in varieties D Food poisoning can be serious 52 We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning A are always accompanied by a fever B are too common to be noted C can be noticed within hours D can be ignored 53 Food poi soning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT A some chemicalsB low tempertures C some tiny living things D certain natural materials 54 From Paragraph 5 we can learn that A mushrooms should not be eaten B vegetables are safer than meat and seafood C natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals D different types of food should be handled differently 55 It can be inferred from the passage that A natural materials are safe in food processing B chemicals are needed in food processing C food poisoning can be kept under control D food poisoning is out of control 该篇文章除了最后一题是主旨大意题外 其他都是细节理解题 而且答案位置 的先后顺序与题号顺序是基本一致的 2 通过定位词寻找出题点 定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素 前者适用于解 答细节理解题 后者用于解答主旨大意题 通过定位词解题 就是说我们在阅 读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来 然后用这个词 回到原文当中定位 1 什么词才算是定位词呢 我们首先要关注的是表示人名 地名等的专有名词和表示年份 数字 百分数 等的数词 以及题干中出现的大写的名词 如 2010 辽宁 64 According to California study the low scoring group might 2010 全国卷 II 51 Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe 2010 辽宁 61 What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York 2010 全国 I 61 How did Christy McKinley know Ms Schatzman s opinion of the chi tea 2010 山东 57 D was created for 2010 湖南 62 We can know that before 1995 Mary 2010 四川 46 What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards 在上面的例子当中 表示地名的 California New York Europe 表示人名的 Christy McKinley Ms Schatzman 表示时间的 1995 以及大写的特殊专有名 词 D Green Communities Standards 等都是定位词 在原 文当中都有出现 能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点 可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等 在没有上面这些类词的时候我 们需要留意一些表示实体意义 指代一件具体事物的具象的名词 如 2010 广东 48 When your colleague brings about a problem you should 2010 江苏 56 Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover 2010 全国 I 56 Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeare s Birthplace 2010 全国 I 66 Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes 如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢 这时我们还可 以关注题干中词义鲜明的动词 形容词 副词等 但是因为动词 形容词 副 词的同义表达太多 题干中这些词往往是原文中的同义表达或转化 需要引起 我们的注意 这个我们在下文中还会专门提到 请看下面一个用形容词 副词 作定位词的例子 2010 上海 67 Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because 在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子 Increasingly the Indian elephant is angry for many years illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land It is now fighting back 在找定位词的时候 请同学们注意以下几点 1 文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心 没有唯一出处 所以 不能算是定位词 我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的 就应该排 除它作为定位词的可能 如 2010 全国 II A 篇 文章略 41 What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family A Look at them sadly B Keep them company C Play games with them D Touch them gently 42 We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie A world eat anything when hungryB felt sorry for her mistake C loved playing hide and seekD disliked the author s dad 43 Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet A She was treated as a member of the family B She played games with anyone she liked C She was loved by everybody she met D She went everywhere with the family 44 Some people got frightened by Brownie when she A smiledB barkedC rushed to themD tried to be funny 45 Which of the following best describes Brownie A ShyB PoliteC BraveD Caring 我们发现 这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有 Brownie 因此 Brownie 不是 定位词 这也是在上面讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷 I 的 56 66 两题不把 hoatzins Shakespeare s Birthplace 当做定位词的原因 他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名 词 但是在文中反复出现 没有定位价值 2 大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词 因为名词的可替代性相对较低 容易找到唯一出处 但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词 也就是能指代一 件具体事物的名词 一般来说 下面两类名词都不可取 a 抽象词 如 opinion idea result information role effect trend theory 等等 b 言语词 如 statement argument comment response reaction enquiry answer reason 等等 如 2010 江苏 60 According to the passage some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that 文章所叙述的地区正是 North America 因此在这个题干中 North America 不 能算是定位词 那么 reason 算不算呢 它是一个言语词 在文章当中通常也是 不出现的 不能算是定位词 3 并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现 有些情 况下 原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式 在这种情况下 划出定位词 并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式 从而找到题目答案的位置 一般来说 定位词的转换有下面几种形式 a 同义改写 题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组 词性和结构不 变 意义相近 如 2010 全国 II A 篇 When I was six Dad brou ght home a dog one day who was called Brownie My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her One of us would walk her another would feed her then there were baths playing catch and many other games Brownie in return loved each and every one of us One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them We always felt better when she was around 41 What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family A Look at them sadly B Keep them company C Play games with them D Touch them gently 这里原文中的 sick 被转换成了题干中的 ill 2010 广东 A 篇 When I was growing up in America I was ashamed of my mother s Chinese English Because of her English she was often treated unfairly People in department stores at banks and at restaurants did not take her seriously did not give her good service pretended not to understand her or even acted as if they did not hear her 41 Why was the author s mother poorly served A She was unable to speak good English B She was often misunderstood C She was not clearly heard D She was not very polite 我们发现原文中的 treated unfairly 与题干中的 poorly served 意义相近 因此 在浏览文章的时候就能够注意到 treated unfairly 并在这个定位词附近寻找正 确答案 2010 江苏 D 篇 But the key issue is really money China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion 68 According to the passage the greatest challenge to the new high speed railway plan is A technical issuesB safety of the system C financial problemsD maintenance of railway tracks 这里文章中的名词词组 key issue 转换成了题干中的 greatest challenge 意 义相近 2010 陕西 B 篇 Tuesday s Daily News said 29 year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday 51 What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came A He was interviewed by a newspaper B He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothes C He went to the hospital in the ambulance D He disappeared from the spot quickly 这里文章中的 quickly 转化成了题干中的 shortly b 转变词性与结构 题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一 致 而是做了一定的概括与总结 如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词 形容 词等等 2010 江西 C Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you He assumed that all men were equal at birth though some potential than others are that it was knowledge that set men apart Socrates focused on individual and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did Like Confucius he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior 下层的 classes 66 What made some people different from others according to Confucius A FamilyB PotentialC KnowledgeD Community 我们发现文章中的 set men apart 即有题干中的 different 之意 这里将一个动 词词组转化成为一个形容词 因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词 different Confucius 在文中反复出现 就容易让我们定位到 set men apart 这 里来 我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词 现在让我们用高考真题 来演练一下定位词是如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的 2010 江苏 D 篇 It 11 be a win win project For other countries the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business tourism and so on not to mention the better communication among those countries For China such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much needed resources but would also help develop China s far west We foresee that in the coming decades millions of people will migrate to the western regions where the land is empty and resources unused With high speed trains people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11 And they 11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries 67 China s new high speed railway plan will be a win win project because A China will get much needed resources and develop its western regions B China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways C China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation business and tourism 我们发现题干中的引号处的 win win project 是一个特色比较鲜明的名词 对应 到文章中马上找到原词 根据后面的 for other countries 和 for China 我们可 以发现 中国的高速铁路计划应该是对外国和中国双方都是十分有利的 因此 本题的正确选项应该为 B 选项 2010 湖南 A 篇 HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR DO Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor Try to eat heart healthy foods while you take Lipitor Take Lipitor at any time of day with or without food If you miss a dose 一剂 take it as soon as you remember But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose wait Take the next dose at your regular time Don t Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor 58 If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose you should A change the amount of your next doseB eat more when taking your next dose C have a dose as soon as you rememberD take the next dose at your regular time 这是一篇药品说明书 我们在 58 题的题干中发现了一个很典型的表示时间的 定位词 12 hours 对应到文中我们知道如果漏服了一剂药超过十二个小时以后 应该在下一次正常服药的时候服一次药即可 因此这里应该选择 D 选项 2010 全国 II A 篇 Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet she went everywhere with us People would stop and ask if they could pet her Of course she d let anyone pet her She was just the most lovable dog There were many times when we d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair she never barked 吠 or tried to get away Funny thing is she would smile This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth Far from the truth she lovely everyone 44 Some people got frightened by Brownie when she A smiledB barkedC rushed to themD tried to be funny 这个题目的题干中我们只能找到动词 frightened 有可能充当定位词 在文中我 们浏览 frightened 所在的前一句和后一句发现 Brownie 是因为 微笑 的时候 露出牙齿才吓到别人的 所以本题应该选择 A 选项 请注意 离散型细节理解题的解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的 但是 离散型细节理解题在题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外 往往找不到定位词 这就需要我们在题干找不到定位词时 迅速的浏览一下选项 在选项中找到定 位词 例如 2010 山东 C 篇 Rae Armantrout who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego UCSD for two decades has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book Versed I m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that the Pulitzer brings as compared to even the National Book Critics Award which I was also surprised and delighted to win said Armantrout For a long time my writing has been just below the media radar and to have this kind of attention suddenly with my 10th book is really surprising Armantrout a native Californian received her bachelor s degree at UC Berkeley where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov and her master s in creative writing from San Francisco State University She is a founding member of Language Poets a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think In March she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Versed This book has gotten more attention Armantrout said but I don t feel as if it s better The first half of Versed focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war against Iraq The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006 Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry said Seth Lerer head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD Versed published by the Wesleyan University Press did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works which is about 2 700 copies The new edition is scheduled to appear in May 66 According to Rae Armantrout A her 10th book is much better B her winning the Pulitzer is unexpected C the media is surprised at her works D she likes being recognized by her readers 我们发现 这是一个离散型细节理解题 题干中没有明显的定位词 文章主人 公是 Rae Armantrout 全文贯穿她的话 所以 Rae Armantrout 不是定位词 所以我们这个时候需要快速地浏览一下选项看看有没有我们需要的定位词 快 速浏览之后 我们分别标记了 10th Pulitzer surprised recogniz