商务英语入门术语汇编

商务英语入门术语汇编商务英语入门术语汇编 Chapter 1 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 sole proprietorshipAn organization that is owned and usually managed by one person is called a sole proprietorship 个人独资企业 partnershipA partnership is a legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit motivated business 合伙企业 general partnershipA general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business 普通合伙 general partner主要合伙人 limited partnershipA limited partnership is an arrangement where a person can contribute a business without being involved in the affairs of the partnership 有限合伙 limited partner有限合伙人 investor投资者 creditor债权人 liability债务责任 corporationThe corporation is a legal entity 法人实体 allowed by legislation which permits a group of people as shareholders or members to create an organization which can then focus on pursuing set objectives 股份制 公司 for profit company营利性公司 non profit company非营利性公司 limited liability有限责任 以出资 额为限 unlimited liability无线责任 个人财 产也要用于清算 double taxationThe corporation has to pay taxes on its profits The stockholders mush also pay income tax on the dividends they receive through ownership 双重课税 joint ventureA joint venture is the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more businesses typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal 合资公司 limited liability companies LLC A limited liability company LLC is a type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partnership 有限责任公司 structures minute会议记录 mergerA merger is the result of the combination of two or more companies to form a new company 兼并 acquisitionAn acquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company 收购 horizontal mergerA horizontal merger joins firms in the same industry and allows them to diversity or expand their products 横向兼并 vertical mergerA vertical is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of related businesses a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products or a manufacturer merging with a distributor of its products 纵向兼并 conglomerate mergerA conglomerate merger unites firms in completely unrelated industries 混合兼并 franchiseA franchise is the right to use a business name and sell products or services usually in a specific geographical territory 特许 franchising特许经营 franchiserthe person who sells a franchise特许者 franchiseethe person who buys a franchise被特许者 Chapter 2 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 bandwagon effect从众效应 market assessment市场评估 market niche缝隙市场 market research市场调查 business planBusiness plan is a detailed written document that defines the goals of your business and describes the means you will use to attain those goals the advantages the business will have in relation to competition and the resources and qualifications of the owners 企业计划书 企划 书 lease agreementA lease agreement is a contract between you and the owner of the property 租赁协议 general business licenseA general business license is assessed annually for the privilege of operating a business in the jurisdiction 普通经营许可证 special license A special license is one that is issued to a business that will provide products or services that require regulation 特殊经营许可证 cash float现金流 overdraft透支 bank statement银行结单 Chapter 3 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 fringe benefits附加福利 corporate ethicscorporate ethics are the evaluation of corporate activities and behavior as right or wrong 企业道德 ethical dilemma道德困境 corporate social responsibility CSR Corporate social responsibility is the awareness that business activities have an impact on society and the consideration of that impact by firms in decision making 企业社会责任 corporate cultureCorporate culture is described as the personality of an organization including such elements as core values and beliefs corporate ethics and rules of behavior 企业文化 core values核心价值观 risk taking personality喜欢冒险的个性 attention to detail personalities 注重细节的个性 outcome oriented personalities 注重结果的个性 customer service客服 people oriented personality 以人为本的个性 team oriented personality注重团队合作的个 性 aggressive personality积极进取的个性 non stable personality不求稳的个性 codes of ethics道德规范 corporate climate企业氛围 Chapter 4 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 managementManagement is defined as the application of planning organizing directing and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives 管理 planningPlanning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them 计划 strategic planning long range planning Strategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies procedures and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals 战略规划 长期规 划 tactical planning short range planning Tactical planning is the process of developing detailed short term strategies about what is to be done who is to do it and how it is to be done 战术规划 短期规 划 operational planningOperational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical objectives 运营规划 contingency planningContingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don t achieve the organization s objectives 应急计划 organizingOrganizing is a management function that typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish the plan 组织 structural reorganization结构重组 directingdirecting is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals 领导 指挥 autocratic leadershipAutocratic leadership the close style of supervision means providing subordinates with detailed job instructions 专制型领导 democratic leadershipDemocratic leadership the general supervision is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities problems and corrective actions 民主性领导 controllingControlling is a management function that involves verifying that actual performance matches the plan 控制 organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal decision making framework by which job tasks are divided grouped and coordinated 组织结构 top level managersTop managers are those who take the responsibility of setting organizational goals defining strategies for achieving them monitoring and interpreting the external environment and making decisions that affect 高层管理者 the entire organization middle level managersMiddle level managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies missions and objectives from top level managers and translate them into specific action programs 中层管理者 first level managersFirst level managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals 基层管理者 supervisor主管 基层管理者 managerial roles经理人角色 figurehead roleThe manager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for the department or organization 名誉领袖角色 liaison roleThe manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization 联络人角色 leader roleThe leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates including motivation communication and influence 领导人角色 monitor roleThe manager receives and collects information from many sources 监听者角色 disseminator roleThe manager transmits special information into the organization 传播者角色 spokesperson roleThe manager disseminates the organization s information into its environment 发言人角色 entrepreneur roleThe manager initiates change 企业家角色 disturbance handler roleThe manager resolves conflicts among subordinates or between his her department and other departments 障碍排除者 resource allocator roleThe resource allocator role is about decisions of allocating people time equipment budget and other resources to attain desired outcomes 资源分配者 negotiator roleThe manager negotiates on behalf of the organization 谈判者 conceptual skillconceptual skill is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts 概念技能 human skillHuman skill is the manager s ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member 人际技能 technical skillTechnical skill is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks 技术技能 业务技 能 Chapter 5 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 productionProduction is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services 生产 manufacturingManufacturing is one part of production which means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth mining and fishing 制造 operationOperations are the functions needed to keep the company producing literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan 运作 inputsInputs to the production process are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services 投入品 transformationTransformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output 改造 转换 outputsThe output is the final result of the production process 产品 plant locationPlant location can mean the difference between profit and loss for a firm 厂址的选定 production process生产工艺 manufacturing process制造工艺 assembly process装配工艺 synthetic process合成工艺 analytic process分解工艺 continuous process连续性生产工艺 intermittent process机械性生产工艺 materials management物料管理 materials requirements planning MRP MRP is a computer based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time 物料需求计划 manufacturing resource planning MRPII MRPII is an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product 制造资源计划 enterprise resource planning ERP ERP is a computer based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit 企业资源计划 purchasingPurchasing is the function in the company that 采购 searches for quality material resources inventory Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock 库存 inventory control库存控制 manufacturer制造商 distributor分销商 wholesaler批发商 retailer零售商 Just in time JIT inventory control The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products just in time to go on the assembly line 准时库存控制 JIT II准时库存控制二代 job scheduleA job schedule is the plan for a particular job 工作计划 schedulingScheduling amalgamate several job schedules 制订计划 production schedule factory schedule 生产计划 工厂计 划 master production schedule 主生产计划 cross training workers综合训练的工人 program evaluation and review technique PERT chart 项目评估与审查技 术路线图 critical path关键路径 flexible manufacturing systems FMS 柔性制造系统 computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计 computer aided manufacturing CAM 计算机辅助生产 computer aided engineering CAE 计算机辅助工程 lean manufacturingLean manufacturing is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production 精益生产 modular construction组合生产 productivityProductivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources used 生产率 productivity measurement生产率衡量 performance evaluation业绩评估 qualityThe quality of a product or service is a customer s perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his her expectations 质量 quality managementQuality management is concerned with controlling activities with the aim of ensuring that products and services are fit for purpose and meet the specifications 质量管理 quality control QC QC is the measurement of products and services against set standards 质量控制 quality assurance QA QA is about how a business can design the way a product or service is produced or delivered to minimize the chances that output will be sub standard 质量保证 total quality management TQM TQM infuses the concept of quality throughout every activity in a company 全面质量管理 quality circles QCs A quality circle is a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting their common work activities 质量管理小组 benchmarkingbenchmarking is the continuous process of measuring products services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders 标杆分析法 continuous improvementContinuous improvement is a preferred method of innovation and produces effective results 持续改进 Chapter 10 TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译中文翻译 international tradeThe exchange of goods and services across international borders 国际贸易 domestic tradeThe exchange of goods and services within the border 国内贸易 absolute advantageA country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 绝对优势 comparative advantagethe ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost over another country 相对优势 exchange rateThe price at which one currency exchanges for another is called exchange rate 汇率 currency depreciationA fall in the value of one currency in terms of another currency 货币贬值 currency appreciationA rise in value of one currency in terms of another currency 货币升值 BOP Balance of A nation s balance of payments BOP the 国际收支 Payments sum of all the transactions that take place between its residents and the residents of all foreign nations the current accountIt refers to the net flow of current transactions including goods services and interest payments between countries 经常账户 the capital accountIt reflects the net change in national ownership of assets 资本账户 the official reserves account The central banks hold quantities of foreign currencies called official reserves 官方储备账户 sum to zerono overall surplus or deficit that is the sum of the three components of the BOP must equal zero 余额归零 surplusA country s BOP is said to be in surplus by a certain amount if sources of funds exceed uses of funds by that amount 顺差 deficitA country s BOP is said to be in deficit by a certain amount if sources of funds are less than uses of funds by that amount 逆差 international trade settlement Ways of payments in the international trade国际贸易结算 letter of credit L C 信用证 Bill of ladingThe bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise 提货单 Draft Bill of exchangeIt refers to the instrument normally used in international commerce to effect payment 汇票 credit check信用核查 tariffIt is a tax levied on imports 关税 revenue tariff protective tariff保护性关税 quotaAn import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country 进口配额 voluntary restraint agreements To avoid the imposition of new tariffs on their goods countries often voluntarily restrict their exports which is called voluntary restraint agreements 自愿限制协定 embargoIt is a total restriction on the import or export of a good 禁运 regulatory trade restrictions Regulatory trade restrictions are indirect methods adopted by the government to impose procedural rules that limit imports 政府监管贸易限制 capitalist economy 资本主义经济 collective economy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分私营部门 public sector 公共部门公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活标准 生活水平 purchasing power buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞萧条 不景气 underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产 房地产 circulating capital working capital 流动资本 available capital 可用资产 capital goods 资本货物 reserve 准备金储备金 calling up of capital 催缴资本 allocation of funds 资金分配 contribution of funds 资金捐献 working capital fund 周转基金 revolving fund 循环基金 周转性基金 contingency fund 意外开支准备金 reserve fund 准备金 buffer fund 缓冲基金平准基金 sinking fund 偿债基金 investment 投资资产 investor 投资人 self financing 自筹经费 经费自给 bank 银行 current account 经常帐户 美作 checking account current account holder 支票帐户 美作 checking account holder cheque 支票 美作 check bearer cheque cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票 来人支票 crossed cheque 划线支票 traveller s cheque 旅行支票 chequebook 支票簿支票本 美作 checkbook endorsement 背书 transfer 转让 转帐过户 money 货币 issue 发行 ready money 现钱 cash 现金 ready money business no credit given 现金交易概不赊欠 change 零钱 banknote note 钞票纸币 美作 billto pay incash 付现金 domestic currency local currency 本国货币 convertibility 可兑换性 convertible currencies 可兑换货币 exchange rate 汇率兑换率 foreign exchange 外汇 floating exchange rate 浮动汇率 free exchange rates 汇兑市场 foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券 hard currency 硬通货 speculation 投机 saving 储装 存款 depreciation 减价 贬值 devaluation 货币 贬值 revaluation 重估价 runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀 deflation 通货紧缩 capital flight 资本外逃 securities business 证券市场 stock exchange 贡市场 stock exchange corporation 证券交易所 stock exchang