2012届高考英语 专题十 定语从句精品学案

1 20122012 届高考英语届高考英语 专题十专题十 定语从句精品学案定语从句精品学案 定语从句一直是高考的热点和焦点 考点主要集中在以下几个方面 定语从句的关系代词和 关系副词的选择 非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which 的选择 以抽象地点 抽象时间名词作 先行词的定语从句中关系词的使用 定语从句和强调结构的综合考查 一 定语从句的基本概念一 定语从句的基本概念 定语从句中繁多的术语 复杂的关系一直困扰着很多学生 考试时也常为此出错 因此 我们首先要理解定语从句的三个基本概念及它们之间的关系 定语从句 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 它实际上起了形容词的作用 定语 从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后 先行词 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有 that which who whom whose as 等 关系副词有 when where why 等 2 由示例可知 关系代 副 词是定语从句的连接枢纽 在定语从句中起了三层作用 引导定 语从句 替代先行词 在从句中作成分 因此我们可以得出 关系代词代替先行词在从 句中作主语 宾语等 关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中作状语 关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作什么成分是判断该用关系代词还是关系副 词的依据 因此把先行词正确还原到定语从句中是做定语从句题很重要的一个技巧 专题十 正面解读 二 关系代词 关系副词一览表二 关系代词 关系副词一览表 关系 词 先行 词 从句成分 例句备注 who 人主语 宾 语 whom 人宾语 关 系 代 词 whose人 物 定语 Do you know the man who that is talking with your mother Mr Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy whom who that she loved died in the war I like those books whose topics are about history who whom which 和 that 在从句中作宾 语时 常可以省略 但介词提前时后面关 系代词不能省略 也 不能用 that 或 who 应构成 介词 whom which 引导 定语从句 关系词先行词 从句成分例句备注 关 系 代 词 that 人 物 主语 宾语 A plane is a machine that which can fly Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked He was late again which made which 可以指 代整个主句引 导非限制性定 语从句 放在 主句的后面 which 意为 这 3 which 物 句 子 主语 宾语his teacher angry 一点 这 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注 关 系 代 词 as 人 物 句子 主语 宾 语 表语 As you pointed out I made a mistake He is such a person as is respected by all of us as 引导非限制性定 语从句时 指代整个 主句的内容 放在句 首 句中 句末均可 as 意为 正如 就像 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时 关 系代词用 as 注意 注意 thatthat 和和 whichwhich 的用法区别的用法区别 1 只用 which 不用 that 的情况 1 在非限制性定语从句中 which 既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话 译成 这一 点 这一件事 2 在介词后面 3 先行词是代词 that 或 those 时 2 只用 that 不用 which 的情况 1 当先行词是 all everything anything nothing much none 等不定代词时 只用 that 2 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 只用 that 3 如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词 并同时兼指人和物时 关系代词用 that 4 先行词被 the only the last the way 等修饰时用 that 4 5 在疑问词 who which what 开头的特殊疑问句中 为了避免重复只用 that 三 三 介词介词 关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 作介词宾语的关系代词一般是 which 和 whom 介词 which whom 既可以引导限制性 定语从句 又可以引导非限制性定语从句 常见的有以下几种结构 1 介词 关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师 2 名词 代词 数词 介词 关系代词 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore three of which were English novels Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore of which three were English novels 上个星期天 我从书店买回几本书 其中三本是英文小说 3 形容词最高级 介词 关系代词 China has thousands of islands the largest of which is Taiwan 中国有成千上 万的岛屿 其中最大的是台湾 四 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句四 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开 非 限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开 限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分 去掉它主句意思往往不明确 非限制性定语从 句起补充说明作用 去掉了不会影响主句的意思 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 如 People who take physical exercise live longer 进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些 限制性定语从句 若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整 5 His daughter who is in Boston now is coming home next week 他女儿现在在波 士顿 她 下星期回来 非限制性定语从句 若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整 五 必须注意的几个问题五 必须注意的几个问题 1 定语从句与状语从句 同位语从句及强调句的辨析 比较例句区别 与 where 引 导的地点状 语从句的区 别 Years later he went to New York where in which he made great success The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain where 引导的是定语从句 修饰先行词 在从句中作状语 where 可以转化为 介词 which 句中 where 引导的 从句前无先行词 因此引导的 是地点状语从句 where 本身 在从句中作状语 不能转化为 介词 关系代词 比较例句区别 与同位语从 句的区别 This is the suggestion that he put forward He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o clock that 引导的是定语从句 that 代替先行词在从句中充当 宾语 同位语从句中连接词 that 在从句中无意义 不作成 分但不可省略 与强调句的 区别 It was last night that I saw the accident It was a time when there were still slaves 判断强调句的方法是把 it is was 和 that who 去掉 如 果句子仍然完整 则是强调句 句去掉 it was that 成为 I saw the accident last 6 night 2 使用 where 而非真实 地点 型定语从句 定语从句的先行词是 situation case point scene 等名词而且从句缺少状语时 要 使用 where 表示 一种特定的 情况 或 一个特定的 场合 如 I have come to the point where I can t stand him 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度 He s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步 1 关系代词的误用及漏用 1 误 I ve read all the books which you lent me 正 I ve read all the books that you lent me 解析 定语从句的先行词被 all some any no few 等修饰时 关系代词用 that 2 误 The student is standing there is our monitor 正 The student who that is standing there is our monitor 解析 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略 此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词 作定语 3 误 Dinner starts with a small dish that is often called a starter 正 Dinner starts with a small dish which is often called a starter 解析 用 which 引导非限制性定语从句 而不用 that 引导 7 4 误 He lives in the room the window of that faces the south 正 He lives in the room the window of which faces the south 解析 介词 关系代词 中的关系代词用 which 不用 that 5 误 The man with who I worked has left 正 The man with whom I worked has left 解析 介词 whom 引导定语从句 2 定语从句主谓不一致 误 This is one of the rooms that is free now 正 This is one of the rooms that are free now 解析 在 one of 结构中 先行词为 of 后的复数名词或代词 从句谓语用复数 先行词是 the only very one of 复数名词时 从句谓语用单数 3 关系词与被替换词重复 误 This is the jacket which I bought it last month 正 This is the jacket which I bought last month 解析 which 在从句中作宾语 it 多余 4 介词的误用 误 The computer to which I paid 4 000 yuan is made in Shanghai 正 The computer for which I paid 4 000 yuan is made in Shanghai 解析 介词的选用既要考虑先行词 又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭 配习惯 此处 pay for sth 为固定短语 意为 花钱买 5 from where 与 from which 混用 误 They stood on the top of the building from which they could see the whole city 正 They stood on the top of the building from where they could see the 8 whole city 解析 from where from the top of the building from which from the building 显然前者比较合适 6 忽视倒装结构 误 The fisherman lives in an old house in front of which a well lies 正 The fisherman lives in an old house in front of which lies a well 解析 in front of 放在定语从句句首 且从句中含有动词 lie stand 等 主语 为名词 这时要采用倒装结构 把 lie stand 等放在作主语的名词前 7 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 1 误 Charles Smith that was my former teacher retired last year 正 Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 解析 在非限制性定语从句中 当先行词指人时 关系代词用 who whom 2 误 This novel I have read three times is very touching 正 This novel which I have read three times is very touching 解析 在非限制性定语从句中 关系词不能省略 3 误 I had told them the reason why I didn t attend the meeting 正 I had told them the reason for which I didn t attend the meeting 解析 that why 通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句 专题十 反面解读 4 正如所通知的那样 我们下个月要举行期末考试 误 It has been announced we shall have our final exams next month 误 Which has been announced we shall have our final exams next month 正 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month 正 As has been announced we shall have our final exams next month 解析 as has been announced 引导一个定语从句 放在句首 不能使用 which 有 时可与 It is has been that 转换 9 5 我看过 金婚 这部电影 它的男主角是张国立 误 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary its leading actor is Zhang Guoli 正 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli 正 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary its leading actor Zhang Guoli 解析 在定语从句中 whose 既可指人 也可指物 往往放在从句中的某一名词前作 定语 该句也可改为独立主格形式 8 定语从句的分隔 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law A where B when C who D which 误 由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选 C 正 cases 是先行词 正确答案是 A 解析 cases 在定语从句中作状语 构成 in the cases 主句是 cases will be introduced to readers 所以用 where 引导定语从句 在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与 定语从句分隔的现象 要注意准确辨认 1 It is in this village Mary was born 35 years ago she will build her first school inspires everyone to help her A that when which B where that which C that that that D where when that 解析 B 考查句子结构分析 第一空引导的是一个定语从句 在从句中作地点状语 所以用 where 第二空构成 it is that 强调结构 第三空引导一个非限制性定语从句 指 代前面提到的一件事情 所以要用 which 2 2010 江西卷 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training 10 centre with her sister she would stay for an hour A where B who C which D what 解析 A 考查定语从句 关系副词 where 引导的定语从句 在从句中作状语 3 2010 重庆卷 In China the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world A where B which C whose D that 解析 C 考查定语从句关系词 这里是一个分割定语从句 先行词 cities 和定语 从句被谓语 is increasing 分隔开 表示 城市的发展 故应用 whose 作定语 4 2009 江西卷 The house I grew up has been taken down and replaced by an office building A in it B in C in that D in which 解析 B 考查定语从句 还原后应为 The house which that I grew up in 主 语后面紧跟的是定语从句 5 TV Turnoff Week millions of people around the world participate every year tries to encourage people to turn on life A in which B on which C which D when 解析 A 考查定语从句中 介词十关系词 的用法 句意为 关闭电视周 每年世 界各地数百万的人都在做 旨在鼓励人们注重生活 从句中谓语动词 participate 是不及物 动词 常与介词 in 连用表示 参与 的意思 相当于 take part in 选 A 6 2010 江苏卷 The newly built cafe the walls of are painted light green is really a peaceful place for us especially after hard work A that B it C what D which 解析 D 本题考查定语从句 先行词为 cafe 此处 the walls of which 可以变化 成 whose walls 在从句中作主语 11 7 Nowadays when people talk about magicians the first one comes into their mind is Liu Qian A where B which C that D what 解析 C 定语从句先行词为 the first one 定语从句中当先行词为序数词或是被 序数词修饰时用 that 引导定语从句 8 2009 四川卷 She ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before A that B which C where D when 解析 D 考查定语从句的用法 her stay 为先行词 可以理解为抽象的一段时间 她呆在那里期间 when 指代 her stay 在定语从句中作时间状语 9 2009 全国卷 My friend showed me round the town was very kind of him A which B that C where D it 解析 A 考查非限制性定语从句 这里的 which 指代前面整句话内容 10 2009 江苏卷 is known to us is that the old doctor for life was hard in the past still works very hard in his late life A As whom B What whom C It whose D As whose 解析 B 考查主语从句及定语从句 第一空是由 what 引导的主语从句 what is known to us is that 也是固定结构 第二空学生很容易会错选 whose 后半句还原为 life was hard for him 所以用介词 whom 11 Sun Valley raised and processed about a million chickens up to half went to McDonald s A in which B for which C with which D of which 解析 D 在定语从句中 of which up to half up to half of which up to half of the chickens 12 12 Take an active part in the activities you enjoy you can make many friends A where B when C that D what 解析 A 考查定语从句关系词的选择 先行词为 the activities 在从句中作抽象 的地点状语 所以要用 where 13 2010 北京卷 Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly A what B whose C which D that 解析 B 本题考查定语从句引导词 先行词 children 和 diet 之间是所属关系 用 whose 来引导定语从句 14 2010 四川卷 After graduating from college I took some time off to go traveling turned out to be a wise decision A that B which C when D where 解析 B 考查定语从句 这里 which 引导非限制性定语从句 代替整个主句 15 We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care we give to our eyes A that B which C as D what 解析 C 考查定语从句引导词的用法 若先行词有 the same 修饰 其后定语从句 则用 that 或 as 引导 that 表示同一个 as 表示同类中的一个但不是同一个 根据题意可 知应用 as 16 2010 浙江卷 The settlement is home to nearly 1 000 people many of left their village homes for a better life in the city A whom B whichC them D those 解析 A 本题考查定语从句 many 从属于 nearly 1 000 people 故用 of whom 引导非限制性定语从句 在从句中作主语 13 17 The film started to get boring at point I left the cinema accompanied by my twin sister A this B that C the D which 解析 D 本题考查非限制性定语从句 which 引导非限制性定语从句 并在从句中 作定语 18 After graduation I d like to find a job I can use what I have learnt at school A whose B which C where D that 解析 C 本题考查定语从句 根据语境可知 毕业后想找一份学有所用的工作 由 于定语从句中成分齐全 故 C 项正确 where 在句中作地点状语 19 I admire my English teacher I can remember very few occasions she stopped working because of her illness A that B when C who D which 解析 B 本题考查定语从句 本句中定语从句的先行词是 occasions 场合 的意 思 句意为 我尊敬我的英语老师 我记得没有什么时候她会因为生病而停止工作 选 B 20 Though it is 30 years we last met I still remember the scene we got separated on a rainy day A before where B before which C since when D since where 解析 D 考查时间状语从句和定语从句 it is has been 一段时间 since 从句 为固定句型 表示自从上次干某事到现在有多长时间了 scene 作先行词且定语从句中需要 的是地点状语 故用 where 或 in which 引导定语从句 14 1 2011 天津十校联考 Patience without you can t do the work well is a kind of quality A that B it C which D what 解析 句意为 耐心是一种品质 没有了耐心 你不能做好工作 此处考查了定语从 句中 介词 which 的情况 which 指代的是先行词 patience 答案 C 2 2010 江苏南京第一次调研 The owner wanted to charge 5 000 for his car I managed to lower to 3 500 A since B what C which D that 解析 关系代词 which 引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当 lower 的宾语 而 that 不能引导非限性定语从句 答案 C 3 2011 安徽合肥第一次质检 I still can t believe my eyes when I remember the scene the best player should miss the pass A that B which C where D how 解析 where 引导定语从句修饰先行词 scene where 在从句中作状语 句意为 当 我记起当时那个最好的选手没有过关时 我简直不敢相信我的眼睛 答案 C 4 2011 北京东城期末目标检测 was reported in the paper people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island A It B That C As D What 解析 选择定语从句的引导词的关键是 在主句中找出先行词 该句中定语从句的先 行词是后面的整个句子 people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island 答案 C 5 2011 青岛联合模拟 China s new food law provides for a food recall system producers have to stop production if their food isn t up to standards A where B that 15 C when D which 解析 考查定语从句 句意为 中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度 即如果食品达 不到标准 生产者就必须停止生产 先行词为 a food recall system 定语从句为 producers have to stop production if their food isn t up to standards in the food recall system 故选 A 答案 A 6 2010 南京第三次模拟 Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning we think will benefit us in the long term A what B that C which D who 解析 本题考查定语从句 本题属于非限制性定语从句 从句意可知关系代词指代 a good habit of learning 在从句中作主语 因此选择 which 答案 C 7 2011 福建龙岩检测 Remember that there is still one point we must make clear at the conference tomorrow A where B why C when D that 解析 考查定语从句 解定语从句题的关键是 在主句中找出先行词 该句的先行词 是 one point 然后把先行词 代入 从句中 判断其在从句中的 地位 和 作用 这里 先行词在从句中作 make clear 的宾语 所以用关系代词 that which 引导定语从句并在从句 中作宾语 据此选 D 项 答案 D 8 2010 4 月济南模拟 She s in a hopeless situation we will keep a very close eye on A where B when C which D that 解析 考查定语从句 定语从句的解题关键是 在主句中找出先行词 该句的先行词 是 a hopeless situation 然后把先行词 代入 从句中 判断其在从句中的 地位 和 作用 此处关系词在从句中作 on 的宾语 同时这里又是非限制性定语从句 所以应该用 关系代词 which 选 C 项 答案 C 9 2010 南京第二次模拟 I admire my English teacher I can remember very