延续性动词和终止性动词

延续性动词和终止性动词 一 延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中 动词按其动作发生的方式 动作发生过程的长短 可分为延续性动词和终止 性动词 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作 这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响 如 learn work stand lie know walk keep have wait watch sing read sleep live stay 等 终 止性动词也称非延续性动词 瞬间动词或短暂性动词 表示不能延续的动作 这种动作发 生后立即结束 如 open close finish begin come go arrive reach get to leave move borrow buy 等 二 延续性动词的用法特征 1 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时 其完成时态可与表示 段时间 的状语连用 表示 段时间 的短语有 for two years during the past three years since last year how long 等 如 I have learned English since I came here 自从我来到这儿就学英语了 2 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的 点时间 状语连用 如 It raind at eight yesterday morning 误 rain 为延续性动词 而 at eight 表示 点时间 前后显然矛盾 如果用延续性 动词表示一瞬间的动作 可以借助 come begin get 等终止性动词来表示 上句可改为 It began to rain at eight yesterday morning 正 又如 When did you get to know Jack Two years ago Then you ve known each other for more than two years That s right 三 终止性动词的用法特征 1 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成 因此可用于现在完成时 如 The train has arrived 火车到了 Have you joined the computer group 你加入电脑小组了吗 2 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂 不能持续 因此 不可与表示一段时间的状语连 用 只限肯定式 如 1 他死了三年了 误 He has died for three years 正 He has been dead for three years 正 He died three years ago 正 It is three years since he died 正 Three years has passed since he died 2 他来这儿五天了 误 He has come here for five days 正 He has been here for five days 正 He came here five days ago 正 It is five days since he came here 正 Five days has passed since he came here 1 2 句中的 die come 为终止性动词 不能与表示 段时间 的状语连用 那么 应如何 正确表达呢 可以采用下面的四种方法 1 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词 如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式 下 面列举几例 leave be away borrow keep buy have begin start be on die be dead move to live in finish be over join be in be a member of open sth keep sth open fall ill be ill get up be up catch a cold have a cold 2 将句中表示 段时间 的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语 如下面两例中的第二种正确 表达方式 3 用句型 It is 段时间 since 表达原意 如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式 4 用句型 时间 has passed since 表达原意 如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式 3 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中 成为可以延续的状态 因而可与表示一段 时间的状语连用 如 He hasn t left here since 1986 I haven t heard from my father for two weeks 4 终止性动词的否定式与 until till 连用 构成 not 终止性动词 until till 的句型 意 为 直到 才 如 You can t leave here until I arrive 直到我到了 你才能离开这里 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight 今天晚上直到我画完画 我才上床 睡觉 5 终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中 但不可以用于 while 引导的时间 状语从句中 when 表示的时间是 点时间 从句谓语动词用终止性动词 也可以是 段时间 从句谓语动词用延续性动词 而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程 从句谓语动词 用延续性动词 如 When we reached London it was twelve o clock reach 为终止性动词 Please look after my daughter while when we are away be away 为延续性动词短语 6 终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用 只限于肯定式 如 误 How long have you come here 正 How long have you been here 正 When did you come here 延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换 动词按其动作发生的方式 发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词 一 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作 如 learn work stand lie know walk keep have wait watch sing read sleep live stay 等 延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用 表示 时间段的短语有 for 一段时间 for 2 years since 从句 since he came here since 时间点名词 since last year since 5 days ago how long for a long time 等 例 He has lived here for 6 years You can keep the book for 5 days I stayed there for 2 weeks last year How long did you stay there last year 二 非延续性动词也称终止性动词 表示不能延续的动作 这种动作发生后立即结束 如 open die close begin finish come go move borrow lend buy 等 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用 如 two years ago at 5 o clock 例 He died 5 years ago 否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用 例 I haven t left here for 3 years I haven t heard from him for 3 weeks 三 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave be away borrow keep buy have begin start be on die be dead finish be over join be in 组织机构 be a member of 组织机构 open sth keep sth open fall ill be ill get up be up catch a cold have a cold come here be here go there be there become be come back be back fall asleep be asleep get to arrive reach be in leave be away from get to know know go get out be out put on wear catch a cold have a cold 等 例 The old man died 4 years ago The old man has been dead for 4 years It is 4 years since the old man died Four years has passed since the old man died He joined the Party 2 years ago He has been in the Party for 2 years I bought the book 5 days ago I have had the book for 5 days 补充练习 1 When he arrived at the bus stop the bus for 20 minutes A has left B had left C has been away D had been away 2 I the League for 5 years so far A joined B have joined C have been in 3 The factory since the February of 1988 A has been open B has opened C was open D opened 4 Mary and Rose friends since they met in 2000 A have made B have been C made D have become 5 You mustn t until he comes back A be away B leave C be left 6 The meeting for a week now A has finished B has ended C has been over 7 Miss Gao this school for nearly 5 years A has been in B has come to C has taught 8 Ben a teacher for 4 years A has been B has become C was D became 9 I home for a week A have returned B have been back C returned 10 How long he A died B has died C has been dead 11 He at eight yesterday afternoon A slept B was sleeping C has sleep D had slept 12 He the car for a week A bought B has bought C has had 13 How long you ill Two weeks A did fall B have fell C have been 14 Since 2000 he his hometown A has left B has moved away C has been away from 15 I ll lend you the book but you can only it for 2 days A borrow B keep C take 16 The bus on the road for 2 hours so far A has stopped B stopped C has been 17 Are you the jacket these days A wearing B putting on C dressing D on 18 He foe 2 hours A got up B has got up C has been up 19 Tom is ill in hospital He a cold for several days A is B catches C has caught D has had 20 How long can I the book Two weeks A borrow B lend C get D keep Key 1 5 D C A B B 6 10 C A A B C 11 15 B C C C B 16 20 C A C D D 初中英语中短暂性动词与延续性动词的用法 英语中 按动词延续的时间长短 可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词 延续性动 词如 learn study work play wait 等 短暂性动词是非延续性动词 即动作一开始便结束的 动词 又可称结束性动词 瞬间动词 如 come go begin start become join end die buy arrive reach borrow lend get to know 等 一 短暂性动词与延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法 现在完成时中用法 一 表示发生在过去 迄今已经完成 并对现在产生影响或产生结果的动作 常用 ever yet already just 等状语 谓语动词既可是延续性动词 也可是短暂性动词 如 She has just borrowed the book from the library borrow 是短暂性动词 I have learned a little about Japanese learn 是延续性动词 现在完成时中用法 二 表示始于过去某时并一直延续到现在的动作或状态 常与表示始于过去某一时刻并一直延 续到现在的时间状语连用 如 They have lived in Nantong since 1990 live 是延续性动词 Mr Black has worked here since he came to China work 是延续性动词 I have learned English for two and a half years learn 是延续性动词 所以 在现在完成时中用法 二 中 在表示持续一段时间的句子中 应将短暂性动词转 化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词 初中英语中常见的有 结束性动词 go leave move arrive come reach join become buy get 得到 fall ill asleep finish end begin start begin to learn work read rain go out get up borrow get to know die lose 延续性动词 be away off be out of be here be in 某地 be in be a an n have be ill asleep be over be on learn work read rain be out be up keep know be dead be lost 例如 1 His grandfather has died for ten years F His grandfather has been dead for ten years T 2 My brother has joined the army for five years F My brother has been in the army for five years T My brother has been an armyman for ten years F 3 He has gone away for a week F He has been away for a week T 4 The film has begun for fifteen minutes F The film has been on for fifteen minutes T 但是 短暂性动词的现在完成时的否定形式可以表示一种延续的状态 因此可以和表示一 段的状语连用 如 1 Mrs Smith hasn t left her hometown for twenty years 史密斯太太已有二十年没有离开家乡了 2 The little girl hasn t come to my home for a long time 这个小孩已有好长时间没来我家了 3 I haven t borrowed the books from the library for two months 我已有两个月没从这个图书馆借书了 二 在 When while as 引导的时间状语从句中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用 when while as 引导的时间状语从句都可表示 当 时 但也有区别 when 可指一段时间 也可指一点时间 既可表示短暂性 一时性的动作 又可表示延续性 的动作 由 when 引导的状语从句其谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是短暂性动词 while 只能表示延续性的动作或状态 不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作 引导的状语从句中 谓语动词是延续性动词 as 所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生 具有延续的含义 一般同延续性动词连用 as 和 while 可译为 一边 一边 正当 的时候 例如 1 She came into the room when while as the meeting was going on go on 为延续性动词词 语 正当开会的时候 他走进了房间 指一段时间 2 When she comes I shall tell her to wait for you come 是短暂性动词 她来的时候我会叫她等你的 指一点时间 不能用 while 3 I made many friends when while I lived in Beijing live 是延续性动词 我住在北京时交了许多朋友 指一段时间 4 While As Helen was reading Jack was writing read 是延续性动词 海伦阅读时 杰克在写东西 指一段时间 三 not till until 句式中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用 till 和 until 这两个词的意思都是 直到 引导一个表示一端时间的状语 其后的介词 宾语或从句表明这段时间的终点 用法相近 但在句首只能用 until 在肯定句中 主句要 用延续性动词 正在否定句中 until 或 till 可以和非延续性动词连用 这时 until 和 before 同义 not until 和 not before 意思相同 表示 直到 才 在 以前不 例如 1 My father kept working in the office till until twelve o clock last night 我父亲昨晚在办公室一直工作到十二点 2 I waited there till until noon yesterday 我昨天在那儿一直等到中午 3 She stood there till until he had passed out of sight