[美国独立宣言文本].Declaration.of.Independence.of.the.United.States.of.America

1823 年摹本 此图可放大阅读 The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS JULY 4 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature s God entitle them a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that they are among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness That to secure these rights governments are instituted among them deriving their just power from the consent of the governed That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it and to institute new government laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed But when a long train of abuses and usurpations pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism it is their right it is their duty to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations all having in direct object tyranny over these States To prove this let facts be submitted to a candid world He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained and when so suspended he has utterly neglected to attend them He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual uncomfortable and distant from the depository of their public records for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people He has refused for a long time after such dissolution to cause others to be elected whereby the legislative powers incapable of annihilation have returned to the people at large for their exercise the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their office and the amount and payment of their salary He has erected a multitude of new officers and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out our substances He has kept among us in times of peace standing armies without the consent of our legislatures He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world For imposing taxes on us without our consent For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of trial by jury For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province establishing therein an arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies For taking away our Charters abolishing our most valuable laws and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments For suspending our own Legislatures and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us He has plundered our seas ravaged our coasts burnt our towns and destroyed the lives of our people He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death desolation and tyranny already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country to become the executioners of their friends and brethren or to fall themselves by their hands He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages sexes and conditions In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity We must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war in peace friends We therefore the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress assembled appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions do in the name and by authority of the good people of these Colonies solemnly publish and declare That these United States Colonies and Independent States that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown and that all political connection between them and the State they have full power to levy war conclude peace contract alliances establish commerce and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do And for the support of this declaration with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence we mutually pledge to each other our lives our fortunes and our sacred honor Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall George Walton William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr Thomas Lunch Jr Arthur Middleton John Hancock Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Caesar Rodney George Read Thomas McKean William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott Matthew Thornton 中文译本及注解中文译本及注解 独立宣言之本文可分为五个章节 序文 前言 控诉英王乔治三世 谴责英人 与总结 但独立宣言本文中并没有这五个章节的标题 序文序文 1776 年 7 月 4 日 于国会内 美洲十三合众州全体一致宣告 此时此刻 于人事发展进程中 斯属必要者 业为解消一群人民与他群间之政 治捆缚 并视其地位 基于自然法与造物主之赐 于尘世诸政权间为互不隶属 且相互平等 适切尊重人类宣告独立的目标理想之需求 前言前言 我等之见解为 下述真理不证自明 凡人生而平等 秉造物者之赐 拥诸无可 转让之权利 包含生命权 自由权 与追寻幸福之权 原意为 拥有私人资产 之权 兹确保如此权力 立政府于人民之间 经受统治者之同意取得应有之权力 特 此 无论何种政体于何时坏此标的 则人民有权改组或弃绝之 并另立新政府 本此原则 以成此型式之政权 因其影响人民之安全幸福至巨 深思熟虑后 当得此论 即建立长久之政府 不应以无足轻重之理由改组 而 基于已知之过往 世人宁可容忍积重难返之邪僻 然当连串之滥权者与篡夺者 执迷不悟 迫人民屈伏于绝对专制下时 推翻此政府 是其权利 是其义务 并为未来之安稳提供新保障 控诉控诉 此限制已令各殖民地长久不堪 此事现今亦已成为必要 即由人民改变过往政 府体制 大不列颠今上长久以来剥下益上 直接导致遍及各州之专制暴政 为 证明斯言属实 且将事实呈交公正之世间 他拒绝批准 俾益最深且对公众利益至关紧要之法条 他禁止辖下总督们通过当前迫切而必要之法条 延宕法条直至得其恩准 而于 留中不发期间 他彻底置之不理 他拒绝通过其他法条以调解广大行政区内之人民 除非人民放弃于立法机构内 之代表权 此为人民至高无上之权 唯暴君畏之惧之 他于异常 不当 且远离公共纪绿保管之处所召集民意代表与会 唯一目的为 使其因疲于奔命而屈从于他个人之意旨 他反复解散议会 因其勇于坚决反对他侵犯民权 他长期拒绝 于议会解散之后 使其他人当选以让立法权 无可消灭者 回归 由多数民意行使 国家长期暴露于一切可能导致动乱之危机 他力阻各州增加人口 为达目的而阻挠外籍归化法 拒绝通过鼓励移民内附之 法条 并提高拨用新土地之门槛 他拒绝通过建立司法权之相关法条 藉以妨碍司法 他置司法于个人意志之下 独断决定其职位与薪资之数目与款项 他设立大量新机构 送来成群的官吏吸取民脂民膏 他于吾民之间维持常备军 于承平时期 不经议会同意 他酬庸军权 使之自外于 并超逾民权 他勾吉他人 使我等隶属之司法体制 既逾越于宪法 亦未经律令之认可 御 准虚有其表之议会所炮制之种种法案 于吾民中驻扎大军 以伪审判卵翼杀人犯逍遥法外 切断吾民与他方之贸易往来 不经吾民同意即开征税赋 多次剥夺吾民由陪审团听审之权益 押送吾民至海外 审以罗织之罪名 废止英式自由法制于一邻省 立专制政府于其中 并扩展其疆域 作为样板与 便宜行事之手段 用以推行相同之威权统治至各殖民地中 夺吾民之宪章 废止我最具价值之律法并根本改变我政府体制 中断我之立法职能 而声称他们有权为我一切大小事宜立法 他抛弃此地之政务 声明吾民不在其保护之下 对吾民强加战争之重荷 他掠夺我海域 践踏沿岸 焚烧城镇 残民以逞 他刻正运来大批外籍佣兵以恣意屠戮 蹂躏 与妄为 其手段之虐酷与卑劣几 与最野蛮之时代毫无二致 作为一个文明国家之元首 完全失格 他强俘吾民于公海且武装之 以对其母国不利 强令其成为亲朋好友之刽子手 或被害者 他煽动内乱于吾民之间 图我开疆拓土之民 众所周知 未开化之印地安野人 作战法则为不分男女老幼格杀勿论 于承受如此压迫之时期吾民谦词请愿兴革 吾民一再之请愿遭回以反复之伤害 一国之君 其品格已然烙下可称为残虐之措施时 已不配作为自由民之统治者 谴责谴责 并非我等未曾顾念我不列颠之同胞 我等曾不时警示其企图 即外延立法权以 将非法之司法管辖权笼罩吾民 我等曾提醒其民 我移民与垦殖者之状况 我 等 曾吁其天生之正义感与雅量 我等曾求其以同文同种之情一改前非 其作为 无可避免地影响双方之关系与往来 他们对情理之声充耳不闻 我等必须因而 顺势宣告 与之分离 并待之如待其余人等 敌视我者敌视之 睦我者睦之 友 我者友之 总结总结 领衔签署者们主张 现时人民须改组政府之态势 不列颠致之 各殖民地有 必要推翻与不列颠主权之政治束缚 成为独立国家 结论之核心 包含于 7 月 2 日通过之李氏决议文 我等 美利坚合众国之代表 召开全员大会 为吾民之公正意向世界最崇高之 正义吁求 以各殖民地正直善良民意之名义 及其授权 郑重发表与宣告 团 结 之诸殖民地为 亦有权是 自由独立之国家 有权宣战 媾和 缔盟 建立 贸易关系 从事其他独立国家有权行使之事务 为支持此宣言 以神赐之洲之 屏障为坚固依靠 吾等相互托付生命 财产 与荣誉 宣言签署人宣言签署人 大字正体誊录本上最先签署 也是最出名的签署者为会议主席约翰 汉考克 签署人中的托马斯 杰斐逊与约翰 亚当斯后来当选总统 当时 26 岁的爱德 华 罗特里吉 Edward Rutledge 为最年轻的签署人 70 岁的本杰明 富兰 克林则最年长 56 名签署宣言的与会代表依所代表的殖民州之地理位置罗列于后 由北而南 新罕布夏 约西亚 巴列特 威廉 卫普 马修 松顿 马萨诸塞 山缪 亚当斯 约翰 亚当斯 约翰 汉考克 罗伯特 崔 特 潘恩 艾尔布里吉 杰利 罗德岛州 史帝芬 霍普金斯 威廉 艾勒里 康乃狄克 罗杰 谢尔曼 山缪 杭丁顿 威廉 威廉斯 奥利佛 渥 寇特 纽约 威廉 佛洛依德 菲利普 李文斯顿 法兰西斯 路易斯 路易 斯 莫里斯 新泽西 理查 史塔克顿 约翰 维斯朋 法兰西斯 霍普金斯 约 翰 哈特 亚伯拉罕 克拉克 宾夕法尼亚 罗伯特 莫里斯 本杰明 拉许 本杰明 富兰克林 约 翰 莫顿 乔治 克莱谟 詹姆斯 史密斯 乔治 泰勒 詹姆斯 威 尔森 乔治 罗斯 德拉瓦 乔治 瑞德 凯撒 罗德内 托马斯 麦肯 马里兰 山缪 却斯 威廉 帕卡 托马斯 史东 卡罗顿的查尔 斯 卡罗 维吉尼亚 乔治 怀勒 理查 亨利 李 托马斯 杰斐逊 班哲 明 哈里森五世 小托马斯 尼尔森 法兰西斯 莱富特 李 卡 特 布瑞斯顿 北卡罗莱那 威廉霍普 约瑟夫希维斯 约翰潘恩 南卡罗莱那 爱德华 罗特里吉 托马斯 黑华 小托马斯 林区 亚 瑟 米窦顿 乔治亚 巴顿 格威内特 李曼 候尔 乔治 华顿 中文白话译文中文白话译文 在人类事务发展的过程中 当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系 并按照 自然法则和上帝的旨意 以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时 出于对人类 舆论的尊重 必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布 我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的 人人生而平等 造物主赋予他们若干不 可让与的权利 其中包括生存权 自由权和追求幸福的权利 为了保障这些权 利 人们才在他们中间建立政府 而政府的正当权利 则是经被统治者同意授 予的 任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时 人民便有权予以 更换或废 除 以建立一个新的政府 新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式 务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福 若真要审慎的来说 成立多年的政 府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的 过去的 一切经验都说明 任何苦难 只要尚能忍受 人类还是情愿忍受 也不想为申 冤而废除他们久已习惯 了的政府形式 然而 当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥 用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时 人民就有 权也有义务去推翻这样的政府 并为其未来的安全提供新的保障 这就是这些 殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过 也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因 当今 大不列颠王国的历史 就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史 其直接目标就 是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政 为了证明上述句句属实 现将事实公诸于 世 让公正的世人做出评判 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益 最必需的法律 他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓 极端重要的法律 要不就先行搁置这 些法律直至征得他的同意 而这些法律被搁置以后 他又完全置之不理 他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其他的法律 除非这些地区的人民情愿放 弃自己在立法机构中的代表权 而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的 只有暴君才畏 惧它 他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常 极不舒适而有远离他们的档案 库的地方去开会 其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪 被迫就范 他一再解散各州的众议院 因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利 他在解散众议院之后 又长期拒绝另选他人 于是这项不可剥夺的立法权 便归由普通人民来行使 致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种 危险之中 他力图阻止各州增加人口 为此目的 他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过 拒绝 批准其他鼓励移民的法律 并提高分配新土地的条件 他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律 以阻挠司法的执行 他迫使法官为了保住任期 薪金的数