句子成分-初级

句子成分句子成分 一 词类词类 实词 N Pron Num Adj Adv V 可以在句子中单独作一定成分 虚词 Art Prep Conj Int 不能在句子中单独作一定成分 只起辅助和连接作用 二 二 句子成分句子成分 定义 句子成分由作用不同的各部分组成 这些部分就叫做句子成分 句子成分可以是单词 也可以是词组或从句 在句中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和谓语 成为主要成分 起次要作用的有宾语 宾语补语 定语 状语 表语等 称为次要成分 三 词类和句子成分的关系词类和句子成分的关系 一 词类相互间的关系 1 形容词 数词 名词常修饰名词 It s a hot cold day There are five students on the playground They are women doctors The three tall and strong men are all basketball players 2 形容词可以修饰代词 The writer often writes something interesting 不定代词 形容词 3 副词常修饰动词 形容词和副词 The thief ran quickly Her English is very good The story is very interesting His sister plays the piano quite well 二 词类和句子成分之间的关系 1 主语 是句子要说明的人或物 是句子的主体 一般放在句首 作主语的词类有 名词 代词 数词 动名词 动词不定式和主语从句 也可做主语 Peter is a clever student He reads newspaper every day Two and six is eight 2 谓语 说明主语的动作或状态 动词在句中作谓语 一般放在主语之后 谓语动词可以是行为动词 系动词 助动词和情态动词 He showed me his book She is a nurse He looks tired The man is handsome He doesn t know the answer May I ask you a question 3 宾语 及物动词涉及到的人或物成为动词宾语 宾语一般放在及物动词之 后 介词后面的名词或代词成为介词宾语 名词 代词 数词在句中常用 作动词宾语或介词宾语 Please lend me some money How many books do you want I want four Please give the letter to her 4 宾语补语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作 状态 特征的成分 名词 形容词 副词 介词短语以及动词不定式 分词等可作宾语补语 We elected him monitor She found the child sound asleep 5 表语 在系动词后用来说明主语的身份 状态或特征的成分 可以作表语 的有名词 代词 形容词 副词 介词短语以及动词不定式 动名词 分 词和表语从句等 表语又叫主语补语 He is a teacher It is a beautiful day Who is it It s me He is always kind My book is on the table The glass is broken 过去分词 6 定语 用来修饰名词或代词的成分 单词作定语时 通常放在它所修饰的 名词之前 但在修饰符合不定代词 something nothing anything everything 等 是 放在不定代词之后 短语和从句作定语时 也放在被修饰的名词 之后 形容词 名词 代词 数词 副词 介词短语以及动词不定式 分 词和定语从句等都可以做定语 She is a pretty and lovely girl I have something important to tell you There are a lot of women workers in the factory I have ten Yuan in my purse She has a lot of books to read 7 状语 修饰动词 形容词 副词或全句的成分是状语 修饰形容词的状语 通常放在它所修饰的词之前 修饰动词的状语通常放在动词之后 但有些 副词 often always usually 等作状语时 则放在行为动词之前 副词 介词短语 名词词组 动词不定式短语 分词短语和状语从句都可作状语 He walks very quickly She called you 2 minutes ago I met her in the bus yesterday He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow 练习题 分析句子成分 1 My father was a worker 2 Time flies fast 3 The milk tastes fresh 4 Can you get him to help me 5 I found your shoes under the bed 6 I heard him cry 7 You answer the question in English 8 She gave him a book 9 They welcomed him to their home 10 He bought some sweets for his son 句子的种类句子的种类 一 句子按其结构可以分为以下两类 句子按其结构可以分为以下两类 1 简单句 Simple Sentences 只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句 例如 2 并列句 Compound Sentences 包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫 并列句 句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接 例如 Both Tom and Peter are from Beijing He plays and studies every day 根据句子的基本结构 简单句分成以下五种基本句型 Basic Sentence Patterns 英语 中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合 扩展 变化而来的 1 主 动 SV 主语 不及物动词 例如 I work 我工作 She is sitting in the next room Evening comes The plane is landing The train leaves at 10 He lives in Harbin She never smokes 2 主 动 表 SVP 主语 连系动词 表语 例如 John is busy 约翰忙 The film is very interesting My father is a doctor The students are in the classroom She looks old the water tastes sour the dish smells delicious the cloth feels soft the music sounds terrible please keep quiet 感官系动词 3 主 动 宾 SVO 例如 She studies English 她学英语 I like the movie very much The students clean the classroom every day He can drive a car We know the English answers 4 主 动 宾 补 SVOC 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补语 例如 Time would prove me right 时间会证明我是对的 I don t believe the story true We elected him our monitor We found the baby safe and sound 5 主 动 间宾 直宾 SVOiOd 主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 例如 My mother made me a new dress 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳 She bought me a dictionary His mother often tells him a story Please show me your picture Could you lend me your English book 二 按使用目的 简单句可分为陈述句 疑问句 祈使句和感叹句 二 按使用目的 简单句可分为陈述句 疑问句 祈使句和感叹句 1 陈述句 Declarative Sentences 说明一个事实或陈述一种看法 a 肯定式 主语 谓语 Light travels faster than sound 光比声速度快 说明事实 The film is rather boring 这部电影很乏味 说明看法 I came here last night She is always happy and gay b 否定式 如果句子的谓语动词是 be have 或情态动词时 在它们之后加 not 如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词 在谓语动词前加 do does did 在加 not He is not a teacher I have not any money on me You mustn t smoke here I don t know English He doesn t like her She didn t do her homework yesterday 2 疑问句 Interrogative Sentences 提出问题 有以下四种 a 一般疑问句 General Questions 以动词 be have 或助动词 情态动词开头 以 yes 和 no 回答 Are you cold No I m not Yes I am Can you finish the work in time 你能按时完成工作吗 Does your father work in Beijing Did you read English book yesterday b 特殊疑问句 W Questions H Questions 以疑问代词 what who m whose which 或疑问副词 when where how why 放在句首提问的句子 不用 yes no 来回答 特殊疑问词 一般疑问句 疑问词作宾语 表语 状语或定语 What do you want Who m are you looking for What time does your father get up every day Where do you live 你住那儿 How do you know that 你怎么知道那件事 How many students are there in the room When will the train leave tomorrow How long did you study English 疑问代词作主语或作主语的定语时 词序与陈述句相同 疑问代词 名词 谓语 Who teaches you English Whose book is this Whose sister is she Which one is better The red one or the black one Where is your father He is at home Which class is your brother in he is in Class One Why is she crying c 选择疑问句 Alternative Questions Do you want tea or coffee 你是要茶还是要咖啡 d 反意疑问句 Tag Questions He doesn t know her does he 他不认识她 对不对 3 祈使句 Imperative Sentences 提出请求 建议或发出命令 例如 祈使句有两种类型 一种是以动词原形开头 在动词原形之前加do 但只限于省 略第二人称主语的句子 Sit down please 请坐 Don t be nervous 别紧张 Take this seat Say it in English Don t come in Do be careful 否定结构 Don t move Don t be late 第二种祈使句以let开头 Let 的反意疑问句 a Let s 包括说话者 Let s have another try shall we shan t we Shall we have another try b Let us 不包括说话者 Let us have another try will you won t you Will you please let us have another try 否定结构 Let s not talk of that matter Let us not talk of that matter 4 感叹句 Exclamatory Sentences