英语学习-美国文学史复习资料-必备

1 弃我去者 昨日之日不可留弃我去者 昨日之日不可留 乱我心者 今日之日多烦忧乱我心者 今日之日多烦忧 美国文学史复习美国文学史复习 1 1 colonialism colonialism 第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学 一 时期综述 1 清教徒采用的文学体裁 a narratives 日记 b journals 游记 2 清教徒在美国的写作内容 1 their voyage to the new land 2 Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3 About dealing with Indians 4 Guide to the new land endless bounty invitation to bold spirit 3 清教徒的思想 1 puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰 和行为方式 2 Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology 重建教堂 提供简单服务 建立神圣地位 3 look upon themselves as chosen people and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God s will and is not to be accepted 认为自己是上帝选民 对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4 puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5 religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God 强调上帝严厉的一面 忽视上帝仁慈的一面 4 典型的清教徒 John Cotton William begins the history of religious toleration in America 5 William 的宗教观点 Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions Instead it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God 行为上的德 信仰上的诚 并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何 行事的权利 没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨 6 英国最早移民到美国的诗人 Anne Bradstreet 7 在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人 the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor 学习指南 1 Could you give a description of American Puritans 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England were idealists believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first century church as established by Jesus Christ himself To them religion was a matter of primary 2 importance They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God They accepted the doctrine of predestination original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God all that John Calvin the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness There they meaant to prove that were God s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven 2 Hard work thrift piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing 3 The work of two writers Anne Bradstreet usually short 简单 plots are exceedingly clever and interesting humor abounds 情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默 the end is always surprising 结尾意外 contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions 使用大量的俚语和口语 代表作 TheThe FourFour MillionMillion 四百万 小说集 TheThe GiftGift ofof thethe MagiMagi 麦琪的礼物 单部小说 6 6 HenryHenry JamesJames 亨利亨利 詹姆斯詹姆斯 novelist 小说家 Literature theoretician 文学理论家 从小受欧洲教育 心理现实主义的开创者 the founder of psychological realism The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods in the first periods James took great interest in international theme exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period which critics have come to praise as The Major Phase 特点 1 deeply into the individual psychology of his characters writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience 深刻探讨人物人性心理 用 深厚 复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩 2 1st person and 3rd person narration 第一和第三人称的 叙述 3 omniscient 全视角是不真实的 家庭背景 father philosopher 哲学家 富有 brother 11 psychologist philosopher 心理学家 哲学家 创作原则 The art of Fiction 小说的艺术 art vs life brings the meaning of life 贡献 contribution in his critical commentaries he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience 詹姆斯把小说从新闻 形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突 进行深刻剖 析的文学形式 对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式 他定义这位感受的 最高形式 代表作 TheThe AmericanAmerican DaisyDaisy MillerMiller inin thethe PortraitPortrait ofof a a LadyLady 早期最好的作品 Last full length novel TheThe WingsWings ofof thethe DoveDove TheThe AmbassadorsAmbassadors TheThe GoldenGolden BowlBowl The name of the heroine inin thethe PortraitPortrait ofof a a Lady Lady is Isabel Acher The novel is representative of the best of James mature work The plot concerns the courtship marriage and development of the character of Isabel Archer a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels an intimate picture of a woman s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse 7 7 JackJack LondonLondon 杰克杰克 伦敦伦敦 代表作 TheThe PeoplePeople ofof thethe AbyssAbyss TheThe CallCall ofof thethe WildWild TheThe SeaSea WolfWolf MartinMartin EdenEden autobiographical novel 自传体小说 while embracing the socialism of Marx London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel 8 8 TheodoreTheodore DreiserDreiser 西奥多西奥多 德莱塞德莱塞 代表作 SisterSister CarrieCarrie 嘉莉妹妹 the first novel which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G W Hurstwood TheThe FinancierFinancier TheThe TitanTitan TheThe StoicStoic Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 AnAn AmericanAmerican TragedyTragedy 美国悲剧 The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser s greatest and most successful novel 德莱塞最恢宏 最成功的小说 表达了金钱万能的主题 12 美国文学史复习美国文学史复习 5 5 thethe 20th20th centurycentury 一 Background World War I 第一次世界大战 America have great profit Jump in technology automobile radio 科技方面的跳跃 汽车 收音机 old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎 1 Imagism 意象派 is a poetic movement of England and the United States flourished from 1909 1917 Its credo expressed in Some Imagist Poets included the use of the language of common speech project matter the evocation of images in hard clear poetry and concentration 2 Lost Generation 迷惘的一代 Writers of the first postwar era self consciously acknowledged that they were a Lost Generation devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of expatriates or exiles It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world 3 Modernism 现代主义 is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary Strictly especially in literary criticism which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho analysis as its theoretical base They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one 4 现代主义的标志 T S Eliot s TheThe WasteWaste LandLand the most significant American poem of the twentieth century helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought 5 典型的迷惘一代 F Scott Fitzgerald TheThe GreatGreat GatsbyGatsby 了不起的盖茨比 novel Ernest Hemingway TheThe SunSun AlsoAlso RisesRises 太阳照样升起 A A FarwellFarwell toto ArmsArms 告别了 武器 William Faulkner TheThe SoundSound andand thethe FuryFury 喧嚣与骚动 6 Playwrights 戏剧 剧作家 Eugene O Neill TheThe EmperorEmperor JonesJones 琼斯国王 AnnaAnna ChristieChristie 安娜 克里斯蒂 TheThe HairyHairy ApeApe 毛猿 7 The Jazz Age 享乐时代 when New Orleans musicians moved up the river to Chicago and the theatre of New York s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of the beautiful and damned drowning in their pleasures 二 代表作家 1 1 EzraEzra PoundPound 埃兹拉埃兹拉 庞德庞德 诗人 Imagism 意象派的代表人物 Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人 major work of poetry is the long poem called TheThe CantosCantos 2 2 RobertRobert FrostFrost 罗伯特罗伯特 弗洛斯特弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet 诗歌特点和内容 1 rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries choosing instead the old fashioned way to be new He 13 employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short traditional forms of lyric and narrative 2 He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol 3 His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties and his poetry for all its apparent simplicity often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone unaided and perplexed he become a national bard 美国民族诗人的翘首 win four Pulitzer Prizes 获得了 四次普利兹奖 TheThe RoadRoad NotNot TakenTaken StoppingStopping byby WoodsWoods onon a a SnowySnowy EveningEvening 向往大自然 想逃避社会 死亡 迷惑 3 3 WallaceWallace StevensStevens 华莱士华莱士 斯蒂文斯斯蒂文斯 诗人 His work is primarily motivated by the belief that ideas of order that is true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature and universe and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence 作品动机起源于秩序理念 他的秩序 就是真理 就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序 是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权 代表作 TheThe ManMan withwith thethe BlueBlue GuitarGuitar 带蓝吉他的人 NecessaryNecessary AngelAngel 必要的天使 collection of his occasional lectures on poetry 诗歌的评论 AnecdoteAnecdote ofof thethe JarJar 坛子的轶事 jar man made art wildness nature jar bring order meaning to the nature 艺术到自然的秩序 integrated 统一体 特点 1 he adopted a variety of experimental styles created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance exotic imagery odd sounds curious analogies and inscrutable titles 尝试过多种实验性的写作风格 2 he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry 理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾 3 a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds between subject and object perceiver and perceived fiction and fact imagination and reality 想象与现实 4 ThomasThomas StearnsStearns EliotEliot 托马斯托马斯 斯特恩斯斯特恩斯 爱略特爱略特 现代主义代言人 多重身份 poet 诗人 critic 评论家 playwright 剧作家 代表作 TheThe LoveLove SongSong ofof J J AlfredAlfred PrufrockPrufrock poems holds its place in the development of Eliot s poetry as a whole TraditionTradition andand thethe IndividualIndividual TalentTalent essay 随笔 传统和个人天才 the earliest statement of his aesthetics 第一次阐释了自己的审美观点 provided a useful instrument for modern criticism 成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准 TheThe WasteWaste LandLand 荒原 one of the major works of modern literature Use a new form the orchestration of related themes in successive movement 新的 文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果 FourFour QuartetsQuartets 四个四重奏 poem 14 MurderMurder inin thethe CathedralCathedral poetic tragedy 诗歌悲诗 a drama 戏剧 of impressive spiritual power 极富感染力的戏剧 作品特点 1 concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states peoples and religious faith 触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点 正确思索了国家 人民 宗教信仰 等的丧失 2 poem conceived as a made object an organic thing in itself whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist s imagination and experience with respect to that poem 诗歌是客观成型的东西 诗歌的具体元素与艺术 家的想象和经历密切相关 也与诗歌相一致 3 The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect feeling and experience were achieved was Eliot s criterion for judging the poem 知识 情感 体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准 5 5 F F ScottScott FitzgeraldFitzgerald F F 司各特司各特 菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家 作品 ThisThis SideSide ofof ParadiseParadise 人间天堂 the first novel TheThe GreatGreat GatsbyGatsby 了不起的盖茨比 novel TenderTender IsIs thethe NightNight 夜色温柔 novel 第二本小说的开展过程 dream 梦想 Daisy self centered 理想化的淑女 自 我为中心 disenchantment disillusion 魔法消失 因阶级差异 梦想破灭 sense of failure and despair light 失败和绝望 Ash 灰 象征 forest 树木 西部开发 树木变成灰了 limited point of view 有限视角 suspense 悬念 mystery 神秘真实性 reliable 可信的 不偏 不评价 6 6 ErnestErnest HemingwayHemingway 厄恩斯特厄恩斯特 海明威海明威 novelist 小说家 写作特点 1 he developed a spare tight reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vo