《城市规划原理》—完整版--考试重点

Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation Industrial automation technology has gradually matured as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject Manipulator application began to filter into welding logistics mechanical processing and other industries Especially at high or very low temperatures full of poisonous gases high radiation case robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff Precisely because of this robot to get people s attention began to be a high degree of development Labor rates working conditions labor intensive aspects of promoting development Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC programmable logic controller is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development now continues to develop as a factory automation standards Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital and robot shows this unique advantages such as has good compatibility wide availability hardware is complete and programming that can be mastered in a short time so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland repeated operations on the high speed line that uses a robotic arm and so on Today the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation understand has some usually didn t opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1 2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium term after years with with computer and automation technology of development Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine gradually became an industrial evaluation standards and its importance can be seen Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line which is programmed robotic arm As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features although not back several generations that can detect the external environment but can still successfully complete like welding painting delivery as well as for materials simple movements Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis Difference is that the robot begand manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2 1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2 1 1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment but also more common Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old fashioned simple or simple industrial equipment So he can see them now however these two control modes relay and discrete electronic circuits are these fatal flaws 1 cannot adapt to the complex logic control 2 only for the current project the lack of compatibility and 3 not reforming the system with equipment improvements Spring for the development of China s modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation completed the perfect relay of the computer too much In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages 1 each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors 2 the official designer of the software writing content control is all about Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways 1 Programmable Logical Controller referred to as IPC 2 Distributed Control System DCS for short and 3 the Programmable Logical Controller PLC for short 2 1 2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1 each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer The men brought in terms of hardware there using a high level of standardization can use more compatibility tools is a rich software resources especially the need for immediacy in operational systems So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed on the virtual model real time and in computational requirements Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling loop control has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation but only as a means of continuous process control Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born its main use in the work order control early primary is replaced relay this hulking system focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged micro electronics technology has developed rapidly people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller that is 名词解释部分名词解释部分 1 日照间距 前后两排南向房屋之间 为保证后排房屋在冬至日底层获得不低于二小时的 满窗日照而保持的最小间隔距离 2 建筑后退 是规定建筑物应距离城市道路或用地红线程度 3 绿地率 规划地块内各类绿化用地总和和占该用地面积的比例 4 土地使用兼容性 在控制性详细规划中往往涉及到多种用地性质在地块内混合布置问题 以适应城市发展的需要 为了协调处理性质不同的各用地的关系而采取的一种方法 不确 定 见 控制性详细规划 P38 39 5 城市蓝线 河流水域用地边界线 6 城市紫线 历史保护区域边界线 7 城市绿线 城市生态 环境保护区域边界线 8 城市居住区 泛指不同居住人口规模的居住生活聚居地和特指城市干道或自然分界线所 围合 并与居住人口规模 30000 50000 人 相对应 配建有一整套较完善的 能满足该 区居民物质与文化生活所需的公共服务设施的居住生活聚居地 9 CBD 中央商务区 Central Business District 简称 CBD 指一个国家或大城市里 主要商业活动进行的地区 10 容积率 是指一个小区的总建筑面积与用地面积的比率 11 建筑平均层数 指一个建筑地段内所有建筑各层面积总和除以这些建筑总面积的总和 13 拆建比 拆除的原有建筑总面积与新建的建筑总面积的比值 14 配建设施 与住宅规模或与人口规模相对应配套建设的公共服务设施 道路和公共绿地 的总称 15 竖向设计 城市开发建设地区 或地段 为满足道路交通 地面排水 建筑布置和 城市景观等方面的综合要求 对自然地形进行利用 改造 确定坡度 控制高程和平衡土 石方等而进行的规划设计 16 环境容量 在保证人群健康和生态系统不受危害的前提下 环境系统或其中某一要素 对污染物的最大容纳量 17 道路红线 城市道路 含居住区级道路 用地的规划控制线 18 控制性详细规划 是以总体规划或者分区规划为依据 以土地使用控制为重点 详细 规定建设用地性质 使用强度和空间环境 它强调规划设计与管理及开发相衔接 作为城 市规划管理的依据并引导修建性详细规划的编制 19 日照标准 为保证室内环境的卫生条件 根据建筑物所处的气候区 城市大小和建筑 物的使用性质确定的 在规定的日照标准日 冬至日或大寒日 的有效日照时间范围内 建 筑外窗获得满窗日照的时间 20 服务半径 指居民到达公共服务设施的最大步行距离 21 城市公共空间 是指城市或城市群中 在建筑实体之间存在着的开放空间体 是城市居民 进行公共交往 举行各种活动的开放性场所 其目的是为广大公众服务 城市公共空间主要包 括山林 水系等自然环境 22 修建性详细规划 是以城市总体规划 分区规划或控制性详细规划为依据 制订用以 指导各项建筑和工程设施的设计和施工的规划设计 23 雷德朋 系统 雷德朋体系具有以下几个特点 绿地 住宅与人行道有机地配置在一起 道路网布置成曲 Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation Industrial automation technology has gradually matured as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject Manipulator application began to filter into welding logistics mechanical processing and other industries Especially at high or very low temperatures full of poisonous gases high radiation case robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff Precisely because of this robot to get people s attention began to be a high degree of development Labor rates working conditions labor intensive aspects of promoting development Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC programmable logic controller is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development now continues to develop as a factory automation standards Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital and robot shows this unique advantages such as has good compatibility wide availability hardware is complete and programming that can be mastered in a short time so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland repeated operations on the high speed line that uses a robotic arm and so on Today the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation understand has some usually didn t opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1 2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium term after years with with computer and automation technology of development Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine gradually became an industrial evaluation standards and its importance can be seen Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line which is programmed robotic arm As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features although not back several generations that can detect the external environment but can still successfully complete like welding painting delivery as well as for materials simple movements Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis Difference is that the robot begand manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2 1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2 1 1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment but also more common Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old fashioned simple or simple industrial equipment So he can see them now however these two control modes relay and discrete electronic circuits are these fatal flaws 1 cannot adapt to the complex logic control 2 only for the current project the lack of compatibility and 3 not reforming the system with equipment improvements Spring for the development of China s modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation completed the perfect relay of the computer too much In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages 1 each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors 2 the official designer of the software writing content control is all about Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways 1 Programmable Logical Controller referred to as IPC 2 Distributed Control System DCS for short and 3 the Programmable Logical Controller PLC for short 2 1 2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1 each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer The men brought in terms of hardware there using a high level of standardization can use more compatibility tools is a rich software resources especially the need for immediacy in operational systems So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed on the virtual model real time and in computational requirements Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling loop control has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation but only as a means of continuous process control Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born its main use in the work order control early primary is replaced relay this hulking system focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged micro electronics technology has developed rapidly people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller that is 线 行人和机动车在一个平面上隔离 建筑密度低 住宅成组配置成团 形成口袋形 相 应配置公共建筑 将商业中心布置在住宅区中间 使住宅区的各部分通往中心的距离都相 等 25 住宅街坊 是指在小城尺度的城市街坊中 一栋或者多栋住宅楼沿周边布置 对外形成公共街道 对 内形成内院 集居住 商业多功能与一身的居住体 与其他模式的住宅相比 它更强调空 间的围合以及功能的混合 26 日照间距系数 根据日照标准确定的房屋间距与遮挡房屋檐高的比值 27 停车率 即居住区内居民汽车的停车位数量与居住区总户数的比率 停车率 居民停车位数 居住总户数 28 住宅建筑毛密度 即每公顷居住区用地上 住宅用地上 拥有的住宅建筑套数 住宅 建筑毛密度 住宅总套数 居住区用地总面积 29 住宅建筑净密度 住宅建筑基底总面积与住宅用地面积的比率 30 建筑小品 是指既有功能要求 又具有点缀 装饰和美化作用的 从属于某一建筑空间 环境的小体量建筑 游憩观赏设施和指示性标志物等的统称 31 建筑密度 是指建筑物的覆盖率 具体指项目用地范围内所有建筑的基底总面积与规 划建筑用地面积之比 它可以反映出一定用地范围内的空地率和建筑密集程度 建筑 密度 建筑首层面积 规划用地面积 简答题部分简答题部分 1 建筑平面群体组合的基本形式及其特点 用图示 建筑平面群体组合的基本形式及其特点 用图示 图示见规划原理书 图示见规划原理书 P388 行列布置 优 绝大多数居室朝向良好 结构施工简单 缺 处理不好会产生单调 呆板 改进 a 山墙错落 b 单元错开梯搂 c 成组改革影响 周边布置 优 能形成封闭小空间 便于组织绿化 休憩地 对于寒冰地区可阻挡风沙 节约用地 提高密度 缺 部分居室朝向差 炎热地区西晒 结构施工较为复杂 不利于抗震 造价会增加 地形起伏较大的地区会造成较大的土方工程 单周边双周边自由周边 Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation Industrial automation technology has gradually matured as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject Manipulator application began to filter into welding logistics mechanical processing and other industries Especially at high or very low temperatures full of poisonous gases high radiation case robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff Precisely because of this robot to get people s attention began to be a high degree of development Labor rates working conditions labor intensive aspects of promoting development Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC programmable logic controller is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development now continues to develop as a factory automation standards Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital and robot shows this unique advantages such as has good compatibility wide availability hardware is complete and programming that can be mastered in a short time so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland repeated operations on the high speed line that uses a robotic arm and so on Today the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation understand has some usually didn t opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1 2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium term after years with with computer and automation technology of development Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine gradually became an industrial evaluation standards and its importance can be seen Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line which is programmed robotic arm As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features although not back several generations that can detect the external environment but can still successfully complete like welding painting delivery as well as for materials simple movements Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis Difference is that the robot begand manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2 1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2 1 1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment but also more common Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old fashioned simple or simple industrial equipment So he can see them now however these two control modes relay and discrete electronic circuits are these fatal flaws 1 cannot adapt to the complex logic control 2 only for the current project the lack of compatibility and 3 not reforming the system with equipment improvements Spring for the development of China s modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation completed the perfect relay of