商业银行管理

房地产贷款房地产贷款 工商业贷款工商业贷款 消费者贷款消费者贷款 其他贷款 主要是证券投资贷款其他贷款 主要是证券投资贷款 金融机构贷款金融机构贷款 应收账款融资租赁应收账款融资租赁 农业贷款农业贷款 Bank loans are usually classified by the purpose of the loans The most common classifications are real estate loans commercial and industrial loans loans to financial institutions credit card and other loans to individuals and agricultural production loans Bank loans may also be classified by maturity over one year and one year or less 接受客户贷款的申请接受客户贷款的申请 信贷员对该客户进行信用分析信贷员对该客户进行信用分析 信贷员写出贷款报告 送交贷款委员会审批信贷员写出贷款报告 送交贷款委员会审批 贷款批准后 信贷员对其用以抵押的财产进行检查贷款批准后 信贷员对其用以抵押的财产进行检查 贷款双方签署贷款协议等文件贷款双方签署贷款协议等文件 发放贷款发放贷款 信贷员不间断地监控贷款的使用情况 直至应付本息如期偿还信贷员不间断地监控贷款的使用情况 直至应付本息如期偿还 信贷员还要了解贷款客户的其他要求信贷员还要了解贷款客户的其他要求 借款人的资信借款人的资信 品格 客户借款的目的 还款的态度 能力 承担贷款协议责任的能力 现金 产生足够现金流的能力 担保 拥有的净资产或资产的质量 经营环境 客户所从事的行业或所在行业的发展趋势 监管 贷款要符合各方面的要求 票据 贷款人 借款人 贷款本金金额 利率 期限 还款方式等票据 贷款人 借款人 贷款本金金额 利率 期限 还款方式等 贷款承诺协议 银行承诺在未来一定时期内向借款人提供约定数额的贷贷款承诺协议 银行承诺在未来一定时期内向借款人提供约定数额的贷 款 并收取承诺费 款 并收取承诺费 抵押贷款协议 包括抵押品 银行何时 怎样获得抵押品以收回资金 抵押贷款协议 包括抵押品 银行何时 怎样获得抵押品以收回资金 限制性协约 通常有肯定性和否定性两种 肯定性协约规定借款人的义限制性协约 通常有肯定性和否定性两种 肯定性协约规定借款人的义 务 否定性协约对借款人再未得到银行的许可情况下采取的某些行为进行限制 务 否定性协约对借款人再未得到银行的许可情况下采取的某些行为进行限制 保证 用借款人个人财产为贷款做担保 或由第三方为贷款做保证 保证 用借款人个人财产为贷款做担保 或由第三方为贷款做保证 违约事项 明确借款人哪些作为或不作为是对贷款协议条款的重大违约 违约事项 明确借款人哪些作为或不作为是对贷款协议条款的重大违约 The most important parts of loan agreements include a signed note which specifies the interest rate 利率 and the terms 价钱 of the loan a listing of covenants 利率 which specify what the borrower must and must not do documents specifying loan collateral抵押品 which protects the lender s interests and a section describing what events or happenings will trigger default 触发违约 Problem loans are often characterized by reduced communication between borrower and lender 借款者与被劫者交流减少 delays in receiving financial reports 延迟收到财务 报告 evidence of reevaluations of assets such as inventory or pension plan assets declining stock prices changes in management or the restructuring 调整 of other loans the borrower has taken out 433 3 信贷员和信息分析员会仔细查看企业财务报表的哪些方面 448 9 目前用于企业贷款定价的方法有哪些 461 a Cost plus pricing d Customer Profitability Analysis b Price leadership pricing model c Below prime market pricing Cost plus profit pricing requires the bank to estimate the total cost involved in making a loan and then adds to that cost estimate a small margin for profit The price leadership model on the other hand bases the loan rate upon a national or international rate such as prime or LIBOR posted by major banks and then adds a small increment on top for profit or risk The below prime market prices a loan on the basis of cost of borrowing in the money market plus a small profit margin Customer profitability analysis looks at all the revenues and costs involved in serving a customer and then requires the bank to calculate the net rate of return from this particular customer 11 目前使用的各种贷款定价方式的主要优缺点有哪些 Cost plus pricing is the simplest loan pricing model However it assumes that a lending institution can accurately know what its costs are and often they don t Price leadership overcomes the problems of accurately predicting what the costs of a loan will be to a lending institution However it is still difficult to assign risk premiums to loans In addition using something like the prime rate as the base rate has been challenged by LIBOR and other market based rates Below prime market pricing uses LIBOR as the base rate and includes only a small profit margin as part of the loan price This works well for short term loans for large well known corporations but is not generally used for small and medium sized companies or longer term loans Customer profitability analysis is similar to cost plus pricing but differs in that it considers the whole customer relationship into account when pricing a loan Customer profitability analysis has become increasingly sophisticated as computer models have been designed to help with the analysis 12 什么是客户盈利能力分析 它能为借款客户和银行提供哪些好处 Customer profitability analysis is a loan pricing method that takes into account the lender s entire relationship with the customer when pricing the loan It is based on the difference between revenues from loans and other services provided and expenses from providing loans and other services is taken over net loanable funds Net loanable funds are those funds used in excess of the customer s deposits If the calculated net rate of return from a customer s relationship is positive the loan is made and if it is not the rate is raised or the loan is not made Because it takes the entire relationship into account it gives a better picture of what customer relationships are profitable The chief problem with it is that it is a more complex model and takes an accurate picture of all of the relationships the lender has with the customer It has also become increasingly complex as computer systems have put in place to help with the analysis of the total relationship a customer has with a lender 2 The figures given in the case as well as the supporting background information suggest several developing problems Hamilton has had a recent shakeup 变动 in its senior management which usually leads to looser control 宽松的控制 of the firm until the new management gains sufficient 足够的 experience Among the obvious problems are declines in sales from 48 1 million to 39 7 million in the past six months Hamilton s cost of goods sold dropped but by less than the decline in sales thereby squeezing the firm s margin 利润 and net income 净收益 We note too that the firm faced with declining cash flows has been forced to rely 依靠 more heavily on borrowings which will mean that the bank s position will be less secure Current assets 流动资产 have also declined while current liabilities 流动负债 are on the rise thus reducing the firm s net liquidity position 净流动资产 The bank s relationship with Hamilton needs to be reviewed 评 估 carefully with an eye to gaining additional collateral 抵押品 or reducing the bank s total credit commitment 承诺 to the firm Additional information that would be desirable 满意的 and helpful if not essentia 必要 l should include 1 Past financial statements for the last two or three years preferably on a monthly basis This could help us verify seasonality and improvement 2 Industry outlook for the next six to eighteen months would also help in reinforcing Hamilton s ability to service the debt from the summer and fall cash flows 3 Additionally information about the company s suppliers other creditors customers and competitors would be helpful 4 Also more information about other relationships that Hamilton has with Evergreen would certainly be helpful In summary the more information we have the better our analysis and subsequent decisions will be 4 The Sources and Uses of Funds Statement for Conway Corporation would appear as follows Cash Flows from Operations Net income 217 Add Depreciation 折旧 100 Subtract increase in acc rec 192 Subtract increase in inventory 存货 79 Subtract increase in other assets 其他资产 21 Add increase in accounts payable 应付账款 103 Subtract decrease in taxes payable 应付税款 111 Net cash flow from operations 17 Cash Flows from Investment投资投资 Activities Acquisition of fixed assets 300 Net cash flow from investment activities 300 Cash Flows from Financing财务财务 Activities Increase in notes payable应付票据 217 Increase in long term debt 59 Dividends paid股利支出 65 Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities 211 Increase Decrease in Cash 72 There are several areas of possible concern for a bank loan officer viewing Conway s projected figures First the firm is relying heavily upon increasing debt of all kinds to finance its growth in assets The increase in notes payable of 217 million indicates growing reliance on bank debt supplemented by sizable increases in supplier provided credit accounts payable and long term debt obligations most likely bonds with no change in funds provided by issuing stock The bank could experience a serious weakening in the strength of its claim against the firm as other creditors post a more substantial claim against Conway s assets Conway is projecting a sizable increase in its retained earnings undivided profits which suggests that management is counting on a year of strong earnings However both accounts receivable and inventories as well as net fixed assets are growing rapidly perhaps reflecting troubles in collecting from the firm s customers and in marketing Conway s products and services The bank s loan officer would want to explore with the company the bases for its projected jump in net income and why accounts receivable and inventories are expected to rise in such large amounts 5 Estimated Revenues Interest Income from Loan 10 000 000 07 700 000 Loan Commitment Fee 10 000 000 01 100 000 Cash Management Fee 10 000 000 03 300 000 Trust Service Fee 10 000 000 02 200 000 Total Revenues 1 300 000 Estimated Expenses Interest on Deposit 2 000 000 05 100 000 Expected Cost of Additional Funds 10 000 000 03 300 000 Labor Costs and Other Operating Costs 10 000 000 02 200 000 Costs of Processing the Loan 10 000 000 015 150 000 Total Expenses 750 000 Net Before Taxes Rate of Return 6 875 or 06875 000 000 8 000 750 000 300 1 a Should this loan be approved on the basis of the suggested terms No it should not because the bank is earning less than the 8 percent annual before tax rate of return b What adjustments could be made to improve this loan s projected return The fees that are charged could be made higher and the lender could try and find a way to reduce the expenses on the loan Both of these would have the effect of increasing the rate of return on the loan c How might competition from other prospective lenders impact the adjustments you have recommended In particular it would be difficult to raise fees for this customer if they can get these same services from other lenders more cheaply It would not necessarily cause a direct impact on expenses but other lenders might already be more efficient in providing these services and they may already be charging a lower interest rate on this loan based on the customer profitability analysis 6 The expected revenues and costs from continuing the present relationship between Enterprise National Bank and USF Corporation were given in this problem and the reader is asked to estimate the expected net rate of return if the bank renews its loan to USF The total of expected revenues and expected costs is Expected RevenuesExpected Costs Interest Revenue 700 000Deposit Interest 106 250 Commitment Fees100 000Cost of Other Funds Raised475 000 Deposit Service4 500Wire Transfer Costs1 300 Maintenance FeesLoan Processing Costs12 400 Wire Transfer Fees3 500Record keeping Expenses4 500 Agency Fees 8 800Account Activity Cost 19 000 Total Expected 816 800Total Expected Costs 618 450 Revenues Given Total Expected Revenues 预计总收入 816 800 Total Expected Costs 618 450 Net Revenue 816 800 618 450 198 350 Net Funds Loaned 资金借给 10 000 000 2 125 000 7 875 000 Expected Net Rate of Return预计净回报率 198 350 7 875 000 0252 or 2 52 Because the estimated net rate of return is positive the bank should strongly consider approving the loan as requested because the bank can earn a