支气管炎和支气管肺炎

1.支气管炎 Tracheitis,本病是肺的支气管粘膜表层或深层组织遭受引起以咳嗽和肺部听诊有啰音为特征的一种炎性疾病。气温骤变时，尤其老龄和幼弱马属动物更易发病。临床上多见急性大支气管炎、弥漫性支气管炎。,诊断要点急性大支气管炎 病初呈现带痛干咳、短咳，以后呈湿咳。胸部听诊肺泡呼吸音普遍增强，可听到干啰音或湿啰音。体温正常或升高0。51，全身症状轻微。弥漫性支气管炎 全身症状较重，体温升高12，食欲减退，脉搏增数，呼吸困难，用力呼气，有弱痛咳。胸部听诊肺泡呼吸音增强，可听到干啰音及小水泡音。胸部叩诊音高朗。,防治方法 除去致病因素，厩舍要清洁、通风和保温。避免尘土烟煤粉等对支气管粘膜的此基金。 祛痰止咳 （1）患畜频发咳嗽而以咳不出来时，可用溶解性祛痰剂，如用人工盐2040g茴香末50100g，制成舔剂，一次内服；或氯化铵1520g（或芳香氨醑20100ml），桔梗流浸膏2050ml，远志1030ml，制成舔剂，一次内服；,（2）当频发痛咳而分泌物又不多时，可选用镇痛止咳剂，如用磷酸可待因12g内服；复方甘草合剂20100ml，或复方樟脑酊2050ml，加入适量淀粉制成舔剂，一次内服。消炎 用青霉素160320万IU，硫酸链霉素200400万IU，注射用水3040ml稀释后，气管内注射。抗过敏药物应用 可与祛痰止咳剂同时用，如加服扑尔敏0.10.6g维生素C25g，强的松24g，左旋咪唑0.50.8g。,支气管肺炎,支气管肺炎是一个或几个肺小叶的炎症，又称为小叶性肺炎。 发病原因： 各种原因造成机体抵抗能力下降，特别是肺组织抵抗力下降，使各种病原菌大量繁殖，引起本病。如感冒，过度劳累，某些传染病等。,临床症状： 体温升高39.541，弛张热或间歇热。心跳呼吸均达到6080次/分，病初肺呼吸音粗厉，后听到各种锣音。咳嗽，初干咳，后湿咳。鼻液量少，多为粘脓性，如有大量鼻液，则表示病变扩散至大支气管。 胸部叩诊出现小部浊音区，血液检查白细胞增多，尿液PH值下降。严重时出现呼吸困难，呼吸数可达100次/分以上。,诊断要点： 体温39.541，呼吸急促至困难，呼吸数、心跳数增至6080次/分，呼吸音初期粗厉，后可听到各种锣音，咳嗽，先干咳后湿咳，流鼻液，白细胞增多。,治疗： 治疗原则为消炎退热，祛痰止咳，控制渗出，促进渗出物吸收与排出。方剂： 青霉素、链霉素各200240万国际单位，安那加20毫升，肌注，12小时1次；或四环素12克，葡萄糖生理盐水10001500毫升，10%樟脑蟥酸钠30毫克，混合静注，12小时1次。,青霉素100万国际单位，加蒸馏水10毫升稀释，加2%普鲁卡因10毫升，用人用静注针头行气管缓慢注射，日1次，连用3天。 如果病畜咳嗽较重，粘稠分泌物不易咳出，可用止咳剂复方甘草合剂，祛痰剂氯化铵1020克口服。如果呼吸困难，可用3%过氧化氢溶液1份，复方氯化钠（25%葡萄糖液）3份的混合液，总计10001500毫升静注，日12次。 预防：加强饲养管理与合理使疫、运动，增强马的抵抗力。,New Perspectives(views) On Rattles In Foals,Rattles is the term used to describe what is usually a lung infection in foals aged between three and six months.,x-ray showing “rattles” abscesses(脓肿）(arrows) in the chest of a foal,It is caused by a bacteria, Rhodococcus equi (formerly called Corynebacterium （棒状杆菌）equi), which is notable for the fact that it does not cause infections in yearlings or older horses but only foals, usually aged between three and six months.,The disease is very common in some regions of Australia, probably because it is widespread in the environment, including the soil. The disease can affect a number of body systems but most commonly causes a pneumonia（肺炎）, with the foals exhibiting a cough, hence the name the rattles.,In affected areas, stud managers become skilled at recognising foals with the disease as they become lethargic（昏睡） and depressed and the mare will often show a distended（肿胀） udder because the foals stop sucking. Once the disease becomes well established, it is difficult to treat effectively and the treatment that can be given is expensive and requires a prolonged course.,Recent Australian research from the Hunter Valley in NSW, was conducted to explore whether administration of antibody rich plasma, collected from horses that had been vaccinated against a particular strain （毒株）of Rhodococcus equi was effective in reducing the prevalence（流行） of rattles on a particular stud farm good results from hyperimmune（超免疫） plasma have been obtained.,This will be a difficult vaccine to produce but will be of great significance（意义） for the horse breeding industry. Currently, prolonged antibiotic treatment with rifampin(利福平） and erythromycin（红霉素） is the most effective treatment for foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia,Pneumonia - Most Common Cause Of Death In Foals （驹）,Pneumonia（肺炎） was the most commonly reported cause of death, followed by severe infection in a study recently conducted in Texas USA The risk of death was greatest within the first 7 days of life.,sick new born foal with concerned mother,An interesting finding was that diarrhoea（腹泻） was less common on farms where foals were born in the paddo