英美文学 复习资料

英英 美美 文文 学学 I 本期讲过的所有名家名作本期讲过的所有名家名作 II 名词术语 名词术语 Ode in ancient literature is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to in modern use it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings often addressed to a person or celebrating an event Alliteration It is a form of initial rhyme or head rhyme It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other e g He came on under the clouds clearly saw at last Rage inflamed wreckage bent be ripped open Kenning a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects It is a metaphor usually composed of two words which becomes the formula for a special object e g Helmet bearer warrior Swan road the sea The world candle the sun Repetition God s brand was on him the gold hall of men the mead drinking place nailed with gold plates That was not the first visit Ballad is a form of verse often a narrative set to music Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas Australia and North Africa Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song particularly the pop or rock power ballad Epic is a lengthy narrative poem ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation The first epics are known as primary or original epics One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton s Paradise Lost are known as literary or secondary epics The six main characteristics 1 The hero is outstanding He might be important and historically or legendarily significant 2 The setting is large It covers many nations or the known world 3 The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage 4 Supernatural forces gods angels demons insert themselves in the action 5 It is written in a very special style 6 The poet tries to remain objective Sonnet Italian Sonnet Shakespearean Sonnet Spenserian Sonnet Miltonic Sonnet Italian sonnet created by Giacomo da Lentini head of the Sicilian School Petrarch 1304 1374 most famous early sonneteer It falls into two main parts an octave rhyming abbaabba set up a problem volta followed by a sestet rhyming cdecde or some variant such as cdccdc answer English Shakespearean sonnet The greatest practitioner William Shakespeare three quatrains followed by a couplet often presents a repetition with variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end a fourteen line poem of iambic pentameters This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg Spenserian sonnet A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet named after Edmund Spenser three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet the rhyme scheme is abab bcbc cdcd ee has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no break between the octave an eight line stanza and the sestet a six line stanza It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser Miltonic Sonnet Conceit in literature a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem By juxtaposing usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common Simile is almost always introduced by the following words li ke as as as as it were as if as though be something of similar to etc Metaphor is a figure of speech where comparison is implied It is also a comparison between two unlike ele ments with a similar quality But unlike a simile this comparison is implied not expressed with th e word as or like Symbol In literary usage a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image that is a word or phrase referring to a concrete object scene or action which also has some further significance associated with it Types of Symbols I Universal or cultural symbols traditional symbols are those whose associations are the common property of a society or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal e g water life Serpent the Devil Lamb Jesus Christ II Contextual Authorial or Private symbols are those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional instead they derive their meaning largely if not exclusively from the context of the work in which they are used e g the albatross in Coleridge s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part e g My baby woke for a bottle 提喻用部分代替全体 或用全体代替部分 或特殊代替一般 Oxymoron is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts including inadvertent errors such as ground pilot and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective noun combination of two words For example the following line from Tennyson s Idylls of the King contains two oxymora And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true e g painful pleasure a thunderous silence Pun The pun also called paronomasia is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings by exploiting multiple meanings of words or of similar sounding words for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand Puns have long been used by comedy writers such as William Shakespeare Oscar Wilde and George Carlin Puns can be classified in various ways The homophonic pun a common type uses word pairs which sound alike homophones but are not synonymous A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same homographs but possess different meanings and sounds Homonymic puns another common type arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first Visual puns are used in many logos emblems insignia and other graphic symbols in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture Personification a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities including physical emotional and spiritual the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities Exaggeration Dramatic monologue a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience Irony in its broadest sense is a rhetorical device literary technique or event characterized by an incongruity or contrast between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance Allusion is a figure of speech in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection where the connection is detailed in depth by the author it is preferable to call it a reference Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche which are also text linking literary devices A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope s The Rape of the Lock or T S Eliot s The Waste Land James Joyce Romanticism Romanticism was an artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe In part it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts music and literature Modernism Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets novelists painters and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II The term includes various trends or schools such as imagism expressionism dadaism stream of consciousness and existentialism It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age The basic themes of modernism 1 Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism In the eyes of modernist writers the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible 2 Although modern society is materially rich it is spiritually barren It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility 3 Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did The characteristics of modernism 1 Complexity and obscurity juxtaposition no limitation of space 2 The use of symbols symbol a means to express their inexpressible selves 3 Allusion Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature art history or religion 4 Irony an expression of one s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey Rhyme scheme the pattern in which the rhymed line endings are arranged in a poem or stanza Head rhyme As busy as a bee End rhyme Crossed rhyme Will ye bridle the deep sea with reins will ye chasten the high sea with rods Will ye take her to chain her with chains who is older than all ye Gods Internal rhyme Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary Iambic meter trochaic meter anapestic meter Iamb is a metrical unit foot of verse about ba t ba t ba t an unstressed syllable a stressed syllable one iambic foot meter About about about about about iambic pentameter 抑扬格抑扬格 iambic 如果一个音步中有两个音节 前者为轻 后者为重 则这种音步叫抑扬格音步 其专业术语是 iamb iambic 轻读是 抑 重读是 扬 一轻一重 故称抑扬格 英语中有大量的单词 其发音都是一轻一重 如 adore excite above around appear besides attack supply believe return 等 所以用英语写诗 用抑扬格就很便利 也就是说 抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律 因 此 在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格 百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的 Tetrameter pentameter Blank Verse unrhymed lines of iambic Blank verse is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech and allowing smooth enjambment 跨行连续 Couplet Couplet The poem will be read as long as man lives and the beloved will live on Rhyme royal is a rhyming stanza form that was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer He first used it in his long poems Troilus and Criseyde and Parlement of Foules He also used it for four of the Canterbury Tales The rhyme royal stanza consists of seven lines usually in iambic pentameter The rhyme scheme is a b a b b c c Terza rima 三行诗节 is poetry written in three line stanzas linked by end rhymes patterned aba bcb cdc ded efe etc There is no specified number of stanzas in the form but poems written in terza rima usually end with a single line or a couplet rhyming with the middle line of the last stanza e g If Winter comes can Spring be far behind III 精读精读 Sonnet 18 背诵 Holy Sonnet 10 背诵 On His Blindness Ode to the West Wind The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock One s Self I Sing To Make a Prairie In A Station of the Metro The Road Not Taken