英语词汇学——Chapter 4.docx

Chapter 4 Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法 （8%-10%）包括（clipping截短法 acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法 (1%-5%)一. Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation派生法（derivatives派生词） ,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups. Negative prefixes否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze.Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government, Locative prefixes方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication, Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both ic and ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic economical 二. Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition （compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1) Phonetic features.2) Semantic features.3) Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing 2) Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3) Verb compounds The limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation.Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三. Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1. An alternative for conversion is functional shift.2. The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs.The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4. Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.1) Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns . It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2) partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles.3) Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt” are all examples of partial.5. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.四. Blending 拼缀法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteau words.1. As far as the structure is concerned , blends fall into four major groups :1) Head + tail Motel from (motor + hotel )Smog from (smoke + fog )Flush from ( flash + blush )2) Head + headTelex from ( teleprinter + exchange )3) Head + word Medicare from (medical + care )4) Word + tail Bookmobile from (book + automobile )Workfare from ( work + welfare)The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns: very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.拼缀词绝大多数都是名词，极少是动词，形容词则更少。Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.拼缀词主要用于科技文章，报纸杂志文章的写作。五. Clipping 截短法Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.There are four common types of clipping:1. Front clipping Quake ( earthquake ) copper ( helicopter )2. Back clipping Dorm ( dormitory ) fan ( fanatic ) gent (gentleman )3. Front and back clipping Flu ( influenza )4. Phrase clippingPop (popular ) zoo ( zoological ) perm ( permanent waves )In some cases ,clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciation.e.g.: telly - television demos -demonstrations nuke-nuclear viet -vietnamese 越南人 info-information co-ops -cooperates high-tech-high-technology Euro-European六. Acronymy 首字母拼音法 Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、政治组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语字母连起来构成新词的方法。Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms ,depending on the pronunciation of the words.1. Initialisms 首字母缩略词Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.e.g.: VOA BBC UFO p.c. c/o TV ID TB GHQ2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.e.g.: AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome laser TEFL G-man D Day V-Day 七. Back-formation 逆生法Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.逆生法是去掉后缀的逆向构词的方法。Back-formation usually involves 4 types of words.1) Abstract nouns 抽象名词2) Human nouns 表示人的名词3) Compound nouns and others 复合名词及其他词 4) Adjectives 形容词Words created through back-formation are mostly verb