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1 1 TypicalTypical ofof thethe grasslandgrassland dwellersdwellers ofof thethe continentcontinent isis thethe AmericanAmerican antelope antelope oror pronghorn pronghorn 1 1 美洲羚羊 或称叉角羚 是该大陆典型的草原动物 美洲羚羊 或称叉角羚 是该大陆典型的草原动物 2 2 OfOf thethe millionsmillions whowho sawsaw Haley sHaley s cometcomet inin 1986 1986 howhow manymany peoplepeople willwill livelive longlong enoughenough toto seesee itit returnreturn inin thethe twenty firsttwenty first century century 2 2 19861986 年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中 有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中 有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在 二十一世纪的回归呢 二十一世纪的回归呢 3 3 AnthropologistsAnthropologists havehave discovereddiscovered thatthat fear fear happiness happiness sadness sadness andand surprisesurprise areare universallyuniversally reflectedreflected inin facialfacial expressions expressions 3 3 人类学家们已经发现 恐惧 快乐 悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色 这在全人类人类学家们已经发现 恐惧 快乐 悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色 这在全人类 是共通的 是共通的 4 4 BecauseBecause ofof itsits irritatingirritating effecteffect onon humans humans thethe useuse ofof phenolphenol asas a a generalgeneral antisepticantiseptic hashas beenbeen largelylargely discontinued discontinued 4 4 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用 它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用 它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了 5 5 InIn groupgroup toto remainremain inin existence existence a a profit makingprofit making organizationorganization must must inin thethe longlong run run produceproduce somethingsomething consumersconsumers considerconsider usefuluseful oror desirable desirable 5 5 任何盈利组织若要生存 最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品 任何盈利组织若要生存 最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品 6 6 TheThe greatergreater thethe populationpopulation therethere isis inin a a locality locality thethe greatergreater thethe needneed therethere isis forfor water water transportation transportation andand disposaldisposal ofof refuse refuse 6 6 一个地方的人口越多 其对水 交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大 一个地方的人口越多 其对水 交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大 7 7 ItIt isis moremore difficultdifficult toto writewrite simply simply directly directly andand effectivelyeffectively thanthan toto employemploy floweryflowery butbut vaguevague expressionsexpressions thatthat onlyonly obscureobscure one sone s meaning meaning 7 7 简明 直接 有力的写作难于花哨 含混而意义模糊的表达 简明 直接 有力的写作难于花哨 含混而意义模糊的表达 8 8 WithWith modernmodern officesoffices becomingbecoming moremore mechanized mechanized designersdesigners areare attemptingattempting toto personalizepersonalize themthem withwith warmer warmer lessless severesevere interiors interiors 8 8 随着现代办公室的日益自动化 设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的随着现代办公室的日益自动化 设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的 内部装饰来使其具有亲切感 内部装饰来使其具有亲切感 9 9 TheThe differencedifference betweenbetween libellibel andand slanderslander isis thatthat libellibel isis printedprinted whilewhile slanderslander isis spoken spoken 9 9 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的 而后者是口头的 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的 而后者是口头的 10 10 TheThe kneeknee isis thethe jointsjoints wherewhere thethe thighthigh bonebone meetsmeets thethe largelarge bonebone ofof thethe lowerlower leg leg 10 10 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处 11 11 AcidsAcids areare chemicalchemical compoundscompounds that that inin waterwater solution solution havehave a a sharpsharp taste taste a a corrosivecorrosive actionaction onon metals metals andand thethe abilityability toto turnturn certaincertain blueblue vegetablevegetable dyesdyes red red 11 11 酸是一种化合物 它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性 并且能酸是一种化合物 它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性 并且能 够使某些蓝色植物染料变红 够使某些蓝色植物染料变红 12 12 BillieBillie Holiday sHoliday s reputationreputation asas a a greatgreat jazz bluesjazz blues singersinger restsrests onon herher abilityability toto givegive emotionalemotional depthdepth toto herher songs songs 12 12 BillieBillie Holiday sHoliday s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋 予歌曲感情深度的能力 予歌曲感情深度的能力 13 13 Essentially Essentially a a theorytheory isis anan abstract abstract symbolicsymbolic representationrepresentation ofof whatwhat isis conceivedconceived toto bebe reality reality 13 13 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达 14 14 LongLong beforebefore childrenchildren areare ableable toto speakspeak oror understandunderstand a a language language theythey communicatecommunicate throughthrough facialfacial expressionsexpressions andand byby makingmaking noises noises 14 14 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前 很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前 很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人 交流了 交流了 15 15 ThanksThanks toto modernmodern irrigation irrigation cropscrops nownow growgrow abundantlyabundantly inin areasareas wherewhere onceonce nothingnothing butbut cacticacti andand sagebrushsagebrush couldcould live live 15 15 受当代灌溉受当代灌溉 技术设施技术设施 之赐 农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生之赐 农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生 存的地方旺盛的生长 存的地方旺盛的生长 16 16 TheThe developmentdevelopment ofof mechanicalmechanical timepiecestimepieces spurredspurred thethe searchsearch forfor moremore accurateaccurate sundialssundials withwith whichwhich toto regulateregulate them them 16 16 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷 以便校准机械计时器 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷 以便校准机械计时器 17 17 AnthropologyAnthropology isis a a sciencescience inin thatthat anthropologistsanthropologists useuse a a rigorousrigorous setset ofof methodsmethods andand techniquestechniques toto documentdocument observationsobservations thatthat cancan bebe checkedchecked byby others others 17 17 人类学是一门科学 因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观人类学是一门科学 因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观 测结果 而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的 测结果 而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的 18 18 FungiFungi areare importantimportant inin thethe processprocess ofof decay decay whichwhich returnsreturns ingredientsingredients toto thethe soil soil enhancesenhances soilsoil fertility fertility andand decomposesdecomposes animalanimal debris debris 18 18 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要 而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤 提高其肥真菌在腐化过程中十分重要 而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤 提高其肥 力 并分解动物粪便 力 并分解动物粪便 19 19 WhenWhen itit isis struck struck a a tuningtuning forkfork producesproduces anan almostalmost purepure tone tone retainingretaining itsits pitchpitch overover a a longlong periodperiod ofof time time 19 19 音叉被敲击时 产生几乎纯质的音调 其音量经久不衰 音叉被敲击时 产生几乎纯质的音调 其音量经久不衰 20 20 AlthoughAlthough pecanspecans areare mostmost plentifulplentiful inin thethe southeasternsoutheastern partpart ofof thethe UnitedUnited States States theythey areare foundfound asas farfar northnorth asas OhioOhio andand Illinois Illinois 20 20 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也 能看见它们 能看见它们 21 21 EliminatingEliminating problemsproblems byby transferringtransferring thethe blameblame toto othersothers isis oftenoften calledcalled scape goating scape goating 21 21 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊 22 22 TheThe chiefchief foodsfoods eateneaten inin anyany countrycountry dependdepend largelylargely onon whatwhat growsgrows bestbest inin itsits climateclimate andand soil soil 22 22 一个国家的主要食物是什么 大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生一个国家的主要食物是什么 大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生 长得最好 长得最好 23 23 OverOver a a veryvery largelarge numbernumber ofof trials trials thethe probabilityprobability ofof anan event sevent s occurringoccurring isis equalequal toto thethe probabilityprobability thatthat itit willwill notnot occur occur 23 23 在大量的实验中 某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率 在大量的实验中 某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率 24 24 MostMost substancesubstance contractcontract whenwhen theythey freezefreeze soso thatthat thethe densitydensity ofof a a substance ssubstance s solidsolid isis higherhigher thanthan thethe densitydensity ofof itsits liquid liquid 24 24 大多数物质遇冷收缩 所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态 大多数物质遇冷收缩 所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态 25 25 TheThe mechanismmechanism byby whichwhich brainbrain cellscells storestore memoriesmemories isis notnot clearlyclearly understood understood 25 25 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白 26 26 ByBy thethe middlemiddle ofof thethe twentiethtwentieth century century painterspainters andand sculptorssculptors inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates hadhad begunbegun toto exertexert a a greatgreat worldwideworldwide influenceinfluence overover art art 26 26 到了二十一世纪中叶 美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大到了二十一世纪中叶 美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大 影响 影响 27 27 InIn thethe easterneastern partpart ofof NewNew JerseyJersey lieslies thethe citycity ofof Elizabeth Elizabeth a a majormajor shippingshipping andand manufacturingmanufacturing center center 27 27 伊丽莎白市 一个重要的航运和制造业中心 坐落于新泽西州的东部 伊丽莎白市 一个重要的航运和制造业中心 坐落于新泽西州的东部 28 28 ElizabethElizabeth Blackwell Blackwell thethe firstfirst womanwoman medicalmedical doctordoctor inin thethe UnitedUnited States States foundedfounded thethe NewNew YorkYork Infirmary Infirmary anan institutioninstitution thatthat hashas alwaysalways hadhad a a completelycompletely femalefemale medicalmedical staff staff 28 28 ElizabethElizabeth BlackwellBlackwell 美国第一个女医生 创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊 美国第一个女医生 创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊 所 所 29 29 AlexanderAlexander GrahamGraham BellBell onceonce toldtold hishis familyfamily thatthat hehe wouldwould ratherrather bebe rememberedremembered asas a a teacherteacher ofof thethe deafdeaf thanthan asas thethe inventorinventor ofof thethe telephone telephone 29 29 AlexanderAlexander GrahamGraham BellBell 曾告诉家人 他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老曾告诉家人 他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老 师 而非电话的发明者 师 而非电话的发明者 30 30 BecauseBecause itsits leavesleaves remainremain greengreen longlong afterafter beingbeing picked picked rosemaryrosemary becamebecame associatedassociated withwith thethe ideaidea ofof remembrance remembrance 30 30 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰 因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰 因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起 31 31 AlthoughAlthough apparentlyapparently rigid rigid bonesbones exhibitexhibit a a degreedegree ofof elasticityelasticity thatthat enablesenables thethe skeletonskeleton toto withstandwithstand considerableconsiderable impact impact 31 31 骨头看起来是脆硬的 但它也有一定的弹性 使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击 骨头看起来是脆硬的 但它也有一定的弹性 使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击 32 32 ThatThat xenonxenon couldcould notnot FORMFORM chemicalchemical compoundscompounds waswas onceonce believedbelieved byby scientists scientists 32 32 科学家曾相信 氙气是不能形成化合物的 科学家曾相信 氙气是不能形成化合物的 33 33 ResearchResearch intointo thethe dynamicsdynamics ofof stormsstorms isis directeddirected towardtoward improvingimproving thethe abilityability toto predictpredict thesethese eventsevents andand thusthus toto minimizeminimize damagedamage andand avoidavoid lossloss ofof life life 33 33 对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测 从而减少损失 避免人员伤亡 从而减少损失 避免人员伤亡 34 34 TheThe eliminationelimination ofof inflationinflation wouldwould ensureensure thatthat thethe amountamount ofof moneymoney usedused inin repayingrepaying a a loanloan wouldwould havehave thethe samesame valuevalue asas thethe amountamount ofof moneymoney borrowed borrowed 34 34 消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价 值相同 值相同 35 35 Futurism Futurism anan earlyearly twentieth centurytwentieth century movementmovement inin art art rejectedrejected allall traditionstraditions andand attemptedattempted toto glorifyglorify contemporarycontemporary lifelife byby emphasizingemphasizing thethe machinemachine andand motion motion 35 35 未来主义 二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮 拒绝一切传统 试图通过强调机未来主义 二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮 拒绝一切传统 试图通过强调机 械和动态来美化生活 械和动态来美化生活 36 36 OneOne ofof thethe wildestwildest andand mostmost inaccessibleinaccessible partsparts ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates isis thethe EvergladesEverglades wherewhere wildlifewildlife isis abundantabundant andand largelylargely protected protected 36 36 EvergladesEverglades 是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一 此处有大量的野是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一 此处有大量的野 生动植物而且大多受生动植物而且大多受 法律法律 保护 保护 37 37 LucretiaLucretia Mott sMott s influenceinfluence waswas soso significantsignificant thatthat sheshe hashas beenbeen creditedcredited byby somesome authoritiesauthorities asas thethe originatororiginator ofof feminismfeminism inin thethe UnitedUnited States States 37 37 LucretiaLucretia Mott sMott s 的影响巨大 所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的影响巨大 所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动 的创始人 的创始人 38 38 TheThe activitiesactivities ofof thethe internationalinternational marketingmarketing researcherresearcher areare frequentlyfrequently muchmuch broaderbroader thanthan thosethose ofof thethe domesticdomestic marketer marketer 38 38 国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔 国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔 39 39 TheThe continentalcontinental dividedivide refersrefers toto anan imaginaryimaginary lineline inin thethe NorthNorth AmericanAmerican RockiesRockies thatthat dividesdivides thethe waterswaters flowingflowing intointo thethe AtlanticAtlantic OceanOcean fromfrom thosethose flowingflowing intointo thethe Pacific Pacific 39 39 大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线 该线把大西洋流域和太平洋大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线 该线把大西洋流域和太平洋 流域区分开来 流域区分开来 40 40 StudiesStudies ofof thethe gravitygravity fieldfield ofof thethe EarthEarth indicateindicate thatthat itsits crustcrust andand mantlemantle yieldyield whenwhen unusualunusual weightweight isis placedplaced onon them them 40 40 对地球引力的研究表明 在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移 对地球引力的研究表明 在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移 41 41 TheThe annualannual worthworth ofof Utah sUtah s manufacturingmanufacturing isis greatergreater thanthan thatthat ofof itsits miningmining andand farmingfarming bined 41 41 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和 42 42 TheThe wallflowerwallflower isis soso calledcalled becausebecause itsits weakweak stemsstems oftenoften growgrow onon wallswalls andand alongalong stonystony cliffscliffs forfor support support 42 42 墙花之所以叫墙花 是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长 以便墙花之所以叫墙花 是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长 以便 有所依附 有所依附 43 43 ItIt isis thethe interactioninteraction betweenbetween people people ratherrather thanthan thethe eventsevents thatthat occuroccur inin theirtheir lives lives thatthat isis thethe mainmain focusfocus ofof socialsocial psychology psychology 43 43 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往 而不是他们各自生活中的事件 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往 而不是他们各自生活中的事件 44 44 NoNo socialsocial crusadecrusade arousedaroused ElizabethElizabeth Williams Williams enthusiasmenthusiasm moremore thanthan thethe expansionexpansion ofof educationaleducational facilitiesfacilities forfor immigrantsimmigrants toto thethe UnitedUnited States States 44 44 给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了 ElizabethElizabeth WilliamsWilliams 的热情 的热情 45 45 QuailsQuails typicallytypically havehave shortshort roundedrounded wingswings thatthat enableenable themthem toto springspring intointo fullfull flightflight instantlyinstantly whenwhen disturbeddisturbed inin theirtheir hidinghiding places places 45 45 典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀 凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起 飞离它典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀 凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起 飞离它 们的躲藏地 们的躲藏地 46 46 AccordingAccording toto anthropologists anthropologists thethe earliestearliest ancestorsancestors ofof humanshumans thatthat stoodstood uprightupright resembledresembled chimpanzeeschimpanzees facially facially withwith slopingsloping foreheadsforeheads andand protrudingprotruding brows brows 46 46 根据人类学家的说法 直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似 额头后根据人类学家的说法 直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似 额头后 倾 眉毛突出 倾 眉毛突出 47 47 NotNot untiluntil 18661866 waswas thethe fullyfully successfulsuccessful transatlantictransatlantic cablecable finallyfinally laid laid 47 47 直到直到 18661866 年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通 年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通 48 48 InIn hishis writing writing JohnJohn CroweCrowe RansomRansom describesdescribes whatwhat hehe considersconsiders thethe spiritualspiritual barrennessbarrenness ofof societysociety broughtbrought aboutabout byby sciencescience andand technology technology 48 48 JohnJohn CroweCrowe RansomRansom 在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来 的精神贫困 的精神贫困 49 49 ChildrenChildren withwith parentsparents whosewhose guidanceguidance isis firm firm consistent consistent andand rationalrational areare inclinedinclined toto possesspossess highhigh levelslevels ofof self confidence self confidence 49 49 父母的教导如果坚定 始终如一和理性 孩子就有可能充满自信 父母的教导如果坚定 始终如一和理性 孩子就有可能充满自信 50 50 TheThe ancientancient HopewellHopewell peoplepeople ofof NorthNorth AmericaAmerica probablyprobably cultivatedcultivated corncorn andand otherother crops crops butbut huntinghunting andand gatheringgathering werewere stillstill ofof criticalcritical importanceimportance inin theirtheir economy economy 50 50 北美远古的北美远古的 HopewellHopewell 人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物 但打猎和采集对人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物 但打猎和采集对 他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的 他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的 51 51 UsingUsing manymany symbolssymbols makesmakes itit possiblepossible toto putput a a largelarge amountamount ofof inFORMationinFORMation onon a a singlesingle map map 51 51 使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息 52 52 AnarchismAnarchism isis a a termterm describingdescribing a a clustercluster ofof doctrinesdoctrines andand attitudesattitudes whosewhose principalprincipal unitinguniting featurefeature isis thethe beliefbelief thatthat governmentgovernment isis bothboth harmfulharmful andand unnecessary unnecessary 52 52 无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度 它们的主要共同点在于相信政无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度 它们的主要共同点在于相信政 府是有害的 没有必要的 府是有害的 没有必要的 53 53 ProbablyProbably nono manman hadhad moremore effecteffect onon thethe dailydaily liveslives ofof mostmost peoplepeople inin thethe UntiedUntied StatesStates thanthan diddid HenryHenry FordFord a a pioneerpioneer inin automobileautomobile production production 53 53 恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利 福福 特 特 54 54 TheThe useuse ofof well chosenwell chosen nonsensenonsense wordswords makesmakes possiblepossible thethe testingtesting ofof manymany basicbasic hypotheseshypotheses inin thethe fieldfield ofof languagelanguage learning learning 54 54 使用精心挑选的无意义词汇 可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定 使用精心挑选的无意义词汇 可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定 55 55 TheThe historyhistory ofof paintingpainting isis a a fascinatingfascinating chainchain ofof eventsevents thatthat probablyprobably beganbegan withwith thethe veryvery firstfirst picturespictures everever made made 55 55 优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成 其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画 优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成 其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画 56 56 PerfectlyPerfectly matchedmatched pearls pearls strungstrung intointo a a necklace necklace bringbring a a farfar higherhigher priceprice thanthan thethe samesame pearlspearls toldtold individually individually 56 56 相互般配的珍珠 串成一条项链 就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱 相互般配的珍珠 串成一条项链 就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱 57 57 DuringDuring thethe eighteentheighteenth century century LittleLittle TurtleTurtle waswas chiefchief ofof thethe MiamiMiami tribetribe whosewhose territoryterritory becamebecame whatwhat isis nownow IndianaIndiana andand Ohio Ohio 57 57 十八世纪时 十八世纪时 小乌龟小乌龟 是迈阿密部落的酋长 该部落的地盘就是今天的印是迈阿密部落的酋长 该部落的地盘就是今天的印 第安那州和俄亥俄州 第安那州和俄亥俄州 58 58 AmongAmong almostalmost sevenseven hundredhundred speciesspecies ofof bamboo bamboo somesome areare fullyfully growngrown atat lessless thanthan a a footfoot high high whilewhile othersothers cancan growgrow thre