英语段落写作ppt课件.ppt

LectureFiveParagraphWriting 2 英文段落主题句的写作ITheComponentsofaParagraph段落是文章的基本构成部分 写好段落是些好文章的第一步 文章的段落有若干相互有联系的句子组成 说明一个主题思想 或从某一角度对文章的主题进行阐述 然而 段落不是有一组句子任意砌成 它具有一定的结构模式和基本特征 并遵循一定的展开手法 1 4typesofparagraphs thetopicalparagraphtheintroductoryparagraphthetransitionalparagraphtheconcludingparagraphTheTopicalParagraph Ifaparagraphhasacentralidea andallthesentencesaredevelopedcloselyaroundtheidea theparagraphiscalledatopicalparagraph TheIntroductoryParagraph agoodideaofthemainsubjectofthewriting asuggestionofyourattitudetowardsthesubjectandthedirectioninwhichyouressayistobedeveloped TheTransitionalParagraph asignalofachangeincontentinapieceofwriting 2 E g Inthemodernworldnewinventionsandnewscientificdiscoveriesaremadedaily Newproductsofallkindsappearinshops Socialrelationshipsandwaysoflivingchangerapidly Whenpeoplewanttotalkorwriteaboutallthesenewthings theyneednamesforthemandwordstodescribethem Wheresoallthenewwordscomefrom introductoryparagraph Herearetenwaysinwhichnewwordsarise Thereareafewothers buttheseareenoughtosuggestwhathappens transitionalparagraph 3 TheConclusionParagraphItstrengthensthemessagebyemphasizingthemainpointsofthewholeessayinasummary drawingaconclusionfromprecedingparagraphs evaluatingwhathasbeendone expressingajudgmentorakindoffeeling orechoingtheopeningparagraphtobringanessayfullcircle E gCompetingwithtelevisionsincetheearly1950 s theAmericanfilmindustryhaschangeddramatically Sohavefilmsthemselves Butwhateverchangesarebroughtabout motionpictureswillalwaysremainanimportantAmericanartformandssignificantculturalforce 4 1段落的结构 StructureofParagraph Gold apreciousmetal isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics Firstofall goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion Therefore itissuitableforjewelry coins andornamentalpurposes Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever forexample aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty threecenturiesago Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience Formanyyears ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts suits Astronautsweargold platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships Inconclusion goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility 5 1 TheTopicSentenceinaTopicalParagraphInatopicalparagraph thecentralideaortopicisusuallyexpressedinacompletesentence adescriptiveoranarrativeparagraphoccasionallymaynothaveatopicsentence anexpositoryoranargumentativeparagraphusuallydoeshaveatopicsentence Theplacementofthetopicsentence Therequirementsofthetopicsentence TheCompletenessoftheTopicSentenceacompletesentence TheClarityoftheTopicSentencestatethecentralideaclearly definitely andunmistakably PublichygieneinChangshaisadebatablesubject PublichygieneinChangshaisaseriousproblem 6 Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument oneneedstoknowsomethingabouttheinstrument Toplaythepiano oneneedstospendmuchtimepracticingfingerexercises TheSpecificityoftheTopicSentenceBeingspecificmeanslimitingthetopictothesizesuitableforaparagraph Collegestudentslearnhowtowritegoodcompositions Thetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereader sinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout TheControllingIdeaoftheTopicSentence keywordse g Ourlibraryisthesourceofspiritualwealth Plasticwrappersworsentheenvironmentalpollution 7 TheWriter sPointofViewAgoodtopicsentenceshouldrevealthewriter spointofvieworthepositionwhichthewritertakesindealingwiththesubject e g Itisashametowastefood TheEnglisheveningpartylastnightwasagreatsuccess LastMondaymorning Ihadanembarrassingexperienceonthebusonmywaytowork ThegrowingheavypopulationisamajorprobleminChina TheWordingoftheTopicSentence 8 主题句 TopicSentence 说明段落的中心思想或段落主题的句子 是段落展开的依据 它由两部分组成 即主题 topic 和支配思想 controllingidea 构成 支配思想规定段落发展的脉络 限制主题覆盖的范围 主题句起到概括段落中心思想作用 它往往是一个概括性的句子 如果太宽 太笼统 则超出一段文章的范围 无法把问题说清楚 通常在写作时对自己提一个what who when why how这样的问题 牢记主题的三个条件 Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence DrivingonfreewaysTheimportanceofcommunicationHowtoregisterforcollegeclassesAtopicsentencecontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea DrivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertnessGold apreciousmetal isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics 9 Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents AtopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphItgivesonlythemainidea Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails Eg TheArabicoriginofmanyEnglishwordsisnotalwaysobvious ok ItiswarmerinGuangzhouthaninBeijingbecauseGuangzhouisinthesouthwhileBeijingisinthenorth toospecific Englishistoodifficulttolearn toogeneral 10 2 TheSupportingSentencesofaParagraphOthersentencesthatexplain clarify orjustifythetopicsentencearesupportingsentences Theyprovidedetails facts examples reasons testimony etc toprovethetopicsentencesothatyourreaderwillbeconvincedthatwhatthetopicsentenceexpressesisright 11 3 TheConcludingSentenceofaParagraphIthelpstoleaveadeeperimpressionofthemaintopicoftheparagraphonyourreaders Noteveryparagraphhasaconcludingsentence noristhelastsentenceinaparagraphnecessarilyaconcludingsentence thelastsentencecouldbethetopicsentence 3 结尾句 ConcludingSentence 对文章的内容进行归纳总结 结尾句必须与主题句相呼应 有些段落短不必有结尾句 有时主题句在段尾 主题句就是结尾句 Itmeansthelastsentencehasthesamemeaningasthetopiconebutnotinthesamesentencepattern Inconclusion goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility 12 扩展句 SupportingSentences Theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons examples facts statistics andquotations Someofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceaboutgoldare 扩展句对主题句的中心思想进行详细解释 举例说明加以论证 一般展开句有下来特点 1 清楚详实 不可含糊其词或言之无物 必须有强烈的说服力 2 条理分明 上句为下句铺平道路 下句是上句的自然延伸 Firstofall goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion Forexample aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty threecenturiesago Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts suits 13 E g Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry Americanseatwithknivesandforks Japaneseeatwithchopsticks Americanssay Hi whentheymeet Japanesebow ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen Japanesemendonot Onthesurface itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan andinawaythisistrue Butinanycountry theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson sbehaviorstowardanotherperson Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry 14 Bamboohasmanyuses Itstenderyoungshootscanbeeaten Bamboostemsaresostrongthattheyareusedtobuildhouses andevenhighbridgesoverrivers Thesoftpulpinsidebamboostemscanbemadeintofinepaper Inwarmercountries manypeoplehavetheirhousesmadeentirelyofbamboo thewalls thefloor theroof Nearlyeverythinginsidetheirhousesismadeofbamboo Nowonderpeoplesaybambooisausefulplant 2段落的特点1 段落的整体性或一致性 Unity 一段文章只能讨论一个中心思想 文章中所有的细节都要与主题相关 利于说明这个中心思想 Unitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparagraph Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence andtheneachsupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea 15 2 连贯性 Coherence 各句子的安排必须符合一定的顺序和条理 句子与句子之间衔接要紧密 过度要流畅Coherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecauseyoursupportingsentencesareinlogicalorderandyourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitionsignals TheCoherenceandContinuityofaParagraphtransitionsandconnectors可以通过俩列两种手段来实现 1 内容的安排方法 按一定的逻辑顺序 时间 空间 一般与具体 重要与非重要 所谓的一般与具体的顺序主要是指段落的整体框架 通常 主题句在段首的段落按 一般到具体 即演绎顺序写成 主题句在段尾 则是按 具体到一般 即归纳顺序写成 重要与非重要的顺序是针对段落内部细节排列次序而言 从非重要到重要的顺序是重要性递增 从重要到非重要是重要性递减 16 2 使用过度性词语 句与句之间使用适当的过渡性词语 起 启 承 转 合 的作用 引导读者全面了解句子见的逻辑 准确地理解段落的思想 3段落的展开手法1 时间顺序法 按事物发生的时间先后为线索展开段落 主要是叙述一件事物的经过 主要用于故事 自传等 动词常用过去时E g Inmythirtyyearsasasecretary Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter Thentenyearslater Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter Recently Ihavetogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor Afterusingit Idon tbelieveIwouldreturningtotheageof 17 按程序或步骤展开段落 主要用于叙述做一件事应遵守的程序或步骤 多用于科技文章和操作说明书 动词常用被动语态E g Doyouknowhowteaismade First Then Next Afterthis Finally atthebeginning tostartwith afterthat later intheend finally 2 空间顺序法 主要用于描述一个场所或空间 几天做法是 先选定一个位置 以此为出发点依次叙述和描写 方法有 从上到下 从左到右 有远到近 有表及里 按顺时针方向inbetween nextto ontheleft onthetopof opposite closeto 18 3 举例法 在主题句中开门见山摆出自己的观点 然后举出具体事例对其进行说明 对具体细节的安排 一般到具体 具体到一般forinstance suchas take forexample 4 对照比较法 比较是讨论两个或几个问题相同点的方法 对比是讨论两个或几个问题不同点的方法 比较对比的对象必须是同一类型的事物 比较项应属于同一范畴 具体做法有 先描述甲方的所有细节 再描述乙方的所有细节 两方听说描述 逐点比较atthesametime similarly comparedwith justas incontrastwith insteadof inspiteof E g Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves Theyeattoomuchfood andrequiretoomuchcare Besides Dogsjumpuponpeople andknockoverfurniture Cats ontheotherhand arecleanandtidy Theyeatsparingly andtakecareofthemselves Catsareusuallywellmanneredpets 先说甲再说乙的对比 19 E g Carsandbicyclearebothprivatelyownedmeansoftransportation Inotherswords theyhaveincommonthefactthatownercandecidewhenandwheretogobythemselves However therearealotofdifferencesbetweenthem Itcostsalotmoremoneytobuyacarthanabicycle Inaddition acarisfarmoreexpensivetorun Forexample acarusesgasoline whichisexpensive whereasabicycleusesonlyhumanenergy Ontheotherhand asfarascomfortisconcerned acarisbetterthanabicycle Acarprotectsyoufromweather andhascomfortableseatsandplentyofroomtocarrypeopleandluggage Furthermore acarismuchfasterthanabicycle 两方同时描述 逐点比较 20 5 因果法 解释事物之间的原因与结果的关系 可以是先因后果 或者是先果后因 Owingto forthisreason bringabout resultin from beresponsiblefor bedueto haveaneffecton EX ThedivorcerateinChinaisontherise Thereareatleastthreemainreasonscontributingtothisphenomenon socialattitude economicactivities legalchanges 6 定义法 对引起歧义的词或术语以及一些有多种解释的抽象概念进行说明或解释 Tobedefinedas toreferto tobeusedtodescribe 21 7 分类法 把具有共同特征的事物按一定的标准进行归类 每一类必须是同一范畴 Groupinto divideinto fallinto accordingto intermsof E g Scienceaffectsthehumanlifeinmanyways Byitsapplication Inthefirstplace itcreatesnewmethodstodealwiththediseaseswhichkillpeople What smo