urinarysystem泌尿系统

,urinary system,Structure,Kidney form urine Ureter conduct urine from kidneys to bladderUrinary bladder receives and stores urineUrethra conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged)sphincter musclehelp keep urine from leaking,posterior abdominal wall showing the kidneys and ureters in situ,The main functions of the urinary system is discharged out wastes and excessive fluids in the process of metabolism of our body,to keep the balance and stability of the internal enviroment.,coronal section of the right kidny.posterior aspect,bladderGeneral feature pyramidal in shape when empty, having Apex 膀胱尖 Fundus膀胱底 Body of bladder膀胱体 Neck膀胱颈,tuberculosis and tumor primary site,ureteric orifice,internal urethral orifice,posterior,Normal volum of bladder adult：350-500ml maxium：800ml newborn：110 of adult,seminal coliculus,ejaculatory duct,deferens,seminal vesicle,Urethra 尿道, Female urethraRelatively shorter (about 3-5cm long), wider and straight,median sagittal section of male/female pelvis,female,urinate,urinate,ejaculate,bladder,uterus,urethra,ovary,vagina,urethra,prostate,ureter,bladder,glans penis,scrotum,Urine formation,1.Glomerular filtration2. renal tubule and collecting duct reabsorption3.renal tubule and collecting duct secretion, excretion Urea,together with water and other waste substances like inorganic salt forms the urine.,Urinary excretion,kidneys-ureters-bladder-urethral-out of bodyMicturition significance: exhaust the bodys waste, regulate body water and salt balance, maintain the physiological function of normal tissue cells,Methods imaging,IVP: intravenous pyelography静脉肾盂造影,CT:computed tomographyMRI :Magnetic Resonance ImagingX-ray examinationRadionuclide examinations放射性核素检查,Common diseases,ARF acute renal failureCKD chronic kidney diseaseUTI urinary tract infectionsinsipidus 尿崩症uremia/toxuria IC interstitial cystitisBPH benign prostatic hyperplasiapyelonephritisglomerulonephritis,cystitis Cystitis is a inflammation in the bladder,mainly caused by specific and nonspecific bacterial infections.The three major nonspecific infections of the bladder are: Acute cystitis, chronic cystitis and Acute urethral syndrome in women.There are other types cystitis,such as interstitial cystitis, glandular cystitis, emphysematous cyctitis,gangrenous cyctitis, chemical cystitis,and radiocystitis. Common nonspecific cystitis develops from e. coli大肠杆菌 , vice escherichia coli 副大肠杆菌, pseudomonas aeruginosa绿脓杆菌, staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌 and streptococcus faecalis粪链球菌 . Most is caused by transurethral retrograde infection. For female urethral shorter, and near the vagina, cystitis occurred more often than men.Nonspecific is more likely to happen when bladder itself exists lesions, such as have bladder calculi, foreign bodies, and urethral catheter, or urinary tract obstruction and urination disorders .Nonspecific clinical manifestations are mainly for acute and chronic cystitis.,acute cystitis-congestion of bladder mucosa membrane,Acute cystitis Often suddenly onset, When passing urine, the patient will have some symptomes like burning pain ,requent micturition, often with urgent urinatio. When it comes to urinary incontinence, frequent and urgent urination often particularly evident, an hour can reach more than 5 6 times, each time the urine volume is only a few drops, even micturition terminal can have lower abdominal pain. Urine is cloudy and sometimes with blood , which are often happen in end-stage.Adenovirus infection may lead to hemorrhagic cystitis in children, however, viral cystitis rarely found in Adults.,The course of acute cystitis is short, so that the symptomes would disappear in one weeks if treated timely . Diagnosis: most of the symptomes of acute cystitis are typical,not difficult to be diagnosed. The patient will be definitely diagnosed according to the history of urinary frequency, urgency,and urinating pain.The urine routine checks indicate visible red blood cells, pus cells and urine bacterial counts more than 100,000 per milliliter in culture,The main complication of acute cyctitis is infection that ascends to the kidneys. Children with vesico-ureteral reflux and pregnant women are especially prone to this complication. Patients prone to recurrent bouts of acute cystitis should be evaluated for factors that may contribute to enhanced susceptibility, and these should be corrected whenever possible. Failing this, antimicrobial prophylaxis may needed.,General treatment Including proper rest, drink plenty of water to increase urine output, pay attention to nutrition, avoid spicy food.Patients with bladder irritation symptoms can be relieved by antispasmodic drugs.while,patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria does not require convulsatios therapy. Antibiotic therapy is the main treatment for Urinary tract infection.Patients should make choices based on drug sensitivity test and doctors prescribtion.,prevention,1.Drink plenty of water, preferably two liters a day.2.Urinate timely,donnot hold back.3.Pay attention to personal hygiene, change and wash underwears frequently. 4.Try to drink cranberry juice蔓越莓果汁, because it can reduce bacterial adhesion in urinary tract.5. Keep a urination every 2-3 hours in daily activities, also pay attention to add B vitamins and lactic acid bacteria.,Asparagus 芦笋contains proteins, vitamins, minerals and trace elements,Glomerulonephritis(肾小球肾炎),Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the internal kidney structures.Also,it can be caused by several different disease states,including some systemic immune disease. it can also result from a gene on the X chromosome passed on from carrier mothers who have no features,or minimal features of the problem,to their sons.A common cause of glomerulonephritis is from a streptococcal infection,such as strep throat or upper respiratory infection.,1.Provide best rest during the acute phase. 2.Perform passive range of motion exercises for the patient on bed rest. 3.Allow the patient to resume normal activities gradually as symptoms subside. 4.Consult the dietician about a diet high in calories and low in protein, sodium, potassium, and fluids. 5.Protect the debilitated pa