国概课后习题整理.doc

CanadaPage 250Explain the factors which influence the climate of Canada.Canada is a country of vast coastlines and diverse weather. The country is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Frozen more than half of the year, Hudsons Bay greatly influences eastern Canadas climate, facilitating the southward penetration of cold arctic air. The Gulf Stream makes the southeast of Canada warmer, but its effects are limited. The icy Labrador Current dramatically reduces the temperature in the northeast of the country.Discuss the impact of immigrants on Canadian society and culture.Owing to the diversity of the immigrants, Canada today has more than 100 ethnic groups. Although Canadian people are ethnically diverse, Canadian society is still dominated by the people of British and French origin. The English ethnicity provides not only the status of being a founding race but an influential element in many aspects of Canadian society. In the field of law, the civil law in nine of Canadas provinces (except Quebec) is based on the English common law; the private school is based on the English public school; the Royal Canadian Mounted Police（皇家骑警） of Canada was originally modeled closely on British light cavalry units（轻骑兵）. English cultural activities have permeated Canada through the dominance of the English language.The elite of British Canadians are white Anglo-Saxon Protestants who dominate the business and industry of every province, even Qubec. The French were the first Europeans to establish permanent military and trading settlements in what is today Canada. The majority of French Canadians live in Qubec, where they make up about 80 percent of the population. French immigrants hailed from all parts of France, and no one regional dialect took hold. In time the dialects fused together to form a single dialect, Canadian French, which is distinct from the French spoken in France. Germens, Ukrainians, Dutch, Polish, and Scandinavians were among those immigrants who helped settle the Canadian West during the early decades of the 20th century. Asian immigrants who have gained legal entrance to the country are often highly educated.Explain the cause of the conflict between France and Britain in Canada.New France was in conflict with the English colonies to the south. Partly this was a result of numerous wars between the parent countries, England and France. Partly it resulted from competition for the wealth of the fur trade in the Northwest (present-day Manitoba and beyond).How is a responsible government defined?A government system in which the government is responsible to the people，and the Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament.What were the effects of the Gold Rush?First, as immigrants from the US and other countries, the unpopulated prairie lands in Western Canada were further explored and cultivated.Second, it led to the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds.Explain the causes of the conflict between France and Britain in Canada.Partly, this was a result of numerous wars between the parent countries, England and France;Partly, it resulted from competition for the wealth of the fur trade in the Northwest(present-day Manitoba and beyond).Page 260Explain the reasons why the different colonies in Canada were united into a confederation in 1867.A new call for reform arose in Protestant Canada West for representation by population, led by the editor of the Toronto Globe, George Brown. This policy would give Canada West, which now outnumbered the East, more seats. The French in Canada East naturally rejected this scheme. Frustrated, Brown proposed federalism: Canada East and West would become separate provinces, either in a loose union between them or in a federation of all of British North America. In October 1864, 33 delegates from Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland met at this Qubec Conference approved the Seventy-two Resolutions, which were a draft constitution for Confederation. On July 1, 1867, the Dominion of Canada, with four provincesQubec (formerly Canada East), Ontario (formerly Canada West), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotiacame into being.What is the Canadian foreign trade pattern? Who are the major trading partners of Canada?Canadian imports exceed its export. Therefore, Canadian service trade balance, called the balance of payments is negative(贸易逆差).Major partners: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, the Netherlands and China.Discuss the significance of foreign trade in the Canadian economy.First, Canada has just 0.6 per cent of the worlds population, but accounts for 4 per cent of total export in world trade.Second, after the Second World War, petroleum and natural gas accounted for a large proportion of Canadas export. With the increase of the share of automobile vehicles in export, the technology of automobile manufacturing is also greatly enhanced. However, primary products, including agricultural goods, mining and energy products, still have a bog share in the total export volume.Third, Canada has one of the worlds hightest ratios of goods exported to GDP33.6 per cent.In both the goods sector and the service sector, Canadas imports exceed its exports.Page 270Federal Government OrganisationThe Canadian government is divided into:the federal government: shares many of the provincial governments features.the provincial government: a lieutenant Governor represents the King or Queen in each province; their duties are similar to those of the Governor General.territorial government: three territories have their own governments but with less power than those of the province.What is the Canadian Parliament composed of?Its the legislative branch of Canada, made up of three branches, which make the laws of Canada. They are the Governor General, an elected House of Commons, and an appointed Senate. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are the members of Parliament, usually of the House of Commons.What are the major political parties in Canada?three main political parties :the Liberal Party , the Conservative Party, and the New Democratic Party How is one party rule defined?Canadas system of political is characterised by one-party-rule. It means that one major party usually can win many elections and dominate Canadian politics for so long that it becomes the main ruling party. Page 282How is bilingualism defined?Both French and English were to be official languages throughout Canada. This is not mean that every Canadian has to be fluent in both languages, but it does mean that all federal offices and courts must be able to affer services in both languages.How is the multiculturalism defined?In 1971, the federal government gave the name multiculturalism to its policy, recognizing the customs and contribution of Canadas ethnic groups. When announcing the policy, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau said:the government will support and encourage the various cultures and ethnic groups that give structure and vitality to our society. They will be encouraged to share their cultural expression and values with other Canadians and so contribute to a richer life for all of us.Canada climateBecause of its size, Canada has a great variety of climatic conditions. Generally speaking, the climate in Canada is unfavorable because much of the country has long and cold winters with deep snow.AustraliaPage 292Some effectsofficial name : Commonwealth of Australiacapital: Canberrahead of state: Queen Elizabeth II represented by Governor-Generalform of government: Constitutional monarchyports: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbanelongest river: Murray (2,740 km)natural resources: coal, zink, nickel, gold, woolnational holiday: Australian Day , 26 January (1788)money: basic unit Australian dollarnational symbols: Kangaroo and Emunational anthem: “Waltzing Matilda”How is Australia geographically divided?The Australia continent can be divided into three physically distinct regions: the Western Plateaus, the Central Lowlands, and the Eastern Highlands. What are the distinctive features of Australian climate?The interior of Australia has a hot and dry climate while the coastal areas have a maritime climate.Why do we say there is no one Indigenous culture?Australia Indigenous population is composed of aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. With the European settlement in Australia, as a result, they were forced assimilation. They have their geographic locations become more widespread, but their lifestyles and cultural values have grown increasingly modern. There is no one Indigenous culture, instead a mixture of the modern and the traditional.The effects of the Gold Rush great immigrants First, immediate and long-term changes to the economySecond, political and social attitudesThird, damage to environmentThe effects of European settlement on the AboriginesFirst, Aboriginal culture and society was totally disrupted. Second, large numbers of Aborigines were shot Third, many diseases were brought reasons for FederationFirst, The people of the colonies had many things in common.Second, It was absurd for them to have six different approaches to common issues.Third, Economy were being weakened because of trade restrictions and tariff barriers.Reasons for the British colonization of AustraliaFirst, The establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their over burdened prisons.Second, Industrial Revolution population grew poverty criminal overburdened prisons Third, To set up a naval base for exploits in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific to counter other European countries such as France.Page 306What were the major trends in Australias development from the 1860s to the 1890s since the Gold Rush?(引申为政治，经济，文化影响来理解)First, bring immediate and long-term changes to the economy;Second, changing peoples political and social attitudes;Third, promoting the formation of a middle class in Australia;Fourth, causing great immigration. Why were the 1960s know as the Protest Years in Australia?The issues of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War, relations with America and conscription divided the society. A broadening section of the society was critical of the government for Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and for conscripting young men. To a great extent, such criticisms represented changes in many peoples values as they looked for answers to a wide range of social problems. For instance, many people in the community had begun to protest about womens inequality, racial prejudices and the lack of welfare for needy groups.Explain the cause of the defeat of the 1999 referendum.First, the lack of public engagement;Second, there existed more significant factors, such as a split between minimalist republicans and more racial republicans.Page 316Australia is an export-oriented economy. Compare it with that of Canada.Exports have been important to both Australia and Canadas economy but therere differences in their export patterns. First, the mineral industry has been Australias largest export earner, accounting for over half of the national total export while manufacturing industries produce more than half of Canadas exports. Second, service exports currently represent more than twenty percent of Australias total exports. Personal travel and passenger services exports account for about ten percent of Australias total export earnings. In recent years, education services export in Australia has grown steadily. In contrast, in both the goods sector and the service sector, Canadas imports exceed its exports. Canadas service trade balance is negative: total imports exceeded total exports by C$39.9 billion in 2006. The largest components of this sector are interest payments on debt, the transfer of profits of foreign-owned corporations, and spending by Canadian tourists abroad. Page 327 How is the Australia Cabinet formed? What are its chief responsibilities?The Prime Minister appoints the most senior Minister to form the Cabinet, which is often referred to as the engine-room of government. All the Cabinet members must be Members of Parliament, and most often, the Prime Minister would appoint leading Members in order to exert influence on the Parliament. The Prime Minister has the power to appoint new Cabinet members if necessary.The most important principle of Cabinet Government is collective responsibilities, which requires the ministers to speak with one voice, even if divisions occur among them, and to accept responsibilities for the actions of their departments. If any Cabinet member fails to keep to this principle, he or she must resign.What are the major political parties in Australia?The Australia Labour party(ALP), the modern Liberal Party of Australia, the Country Parties of Australia, the Australia Democrats.Compare the federal system of the U.S and Australia governments, nothing their differences and similarities.Similarities:A division of power between the federal and state governments in the Australian federal system: each government controls a certain field of activity. the Australian Constitution also divides the federal power among three branches of the federal government -the Federal Parliament, the Administration, and the Federal Court. The three branches have the federal legislative, administrative and judicial powers respectively, and can check the powers of each other, which is similar in theory to “checks and balances” as practiced in the U.S. government. Differences:Australias system of parliamentary government is modeled on the British Westminster system, the political party that wins most seats in the House of Representatives in the General Election will form the Administration and the head of the party will become Prime Minister. Under this system, the Administration can dissolve the Parliament and reorganize the general election. While in the U.S., General Election for Presidency and Congressional elections are separate and the President doesnt have the power to dissolve the Congress. In addition, the Federal Court in Australia has the power of impeachment against members of Parliament and Administration while in the U.S., it is the Congress that may bring charges of impeachment against the Administration and the Supreme Court is to determine whether or not the laws and acts of the two other branches are in accordance with the Constitution.Page 336Discuss the power structure of the federal and state governments under the Australian Constitution.The Australian Constitution divides the powers of government between the national and state governments, based on the concept of “dual federalism”, where each government would control a certain field of activity. The Federal or Commonwealth Government is responsible for national affairs. Its responsibilities also include trade, commerce, Under t