定期排油的重要性

The Importance of Timely Oil Drains定期排油的重要性Oils do not wear out. That is to say, the base oil does not generally deteriorate. However, oil gradually loses its ability to carry out its functions of lubricating, reducing friction and dissipating heat. 油品不会自己疲劳老化。也就是说，基础油一般不劣化。然而，石油逐渐失去其履行其润滑的性能，减少摩擦和散热能力。This gradual loss of lubrication quality is caused by selfgenerated contamination of components within the oil, oxidation due to overheating, viscosity changes caused by fuel dilution or oxidation, water entry into the system (either directly or through condensation) and the gradual depletion of the additive package, as the additives counteract acids and disperse and suspend foreign materials. 这种润滑质量逐渐丧失引起的自内产生的油成分的污染，由于过热氧化，通过油品稀释或氧化引起的粘度变化，水进入系统（直接或通过冷凝）和添加剂的逐渐枯竭，作为添加剂抵消酸和分散悬浮杂质。There are other conditions that also contribute to oil degradation to a lesser degree, such as poor-quality fuel, operation of equipment in over-cooled conditions, lean air/fuel ratios and emission control systems that are malfunctioning or have been removed or disconnected. 有，也有助于对石油的降解程度较轻的其他条件，如油品质量差，设备在油品过冷条件下运行，稀薄的空气/燃料比和排放控制系统故障或已被删除或断开。The conditions that contribute to oil degradation and necessitate regular oil drains are described in detail below: 的条件，有助于石油的降解，有必要定期换油在下面详细描述：Self-Generation of Contamination in the Oil 油中污染物的自生成Every engine, hydraulic pump, gearset or other component gradually wears as it operates. Tiny, sub-micronic particles of elements such as iron and copper become catalysts that slowly attack the oil, causing acids to form. These tiny metal contaminants, combined with carbon soot particles resulting from the combustion process in engines, also circulate in the system and through their abrasive action create more wear. These solid particles become just like a fine-grinding compound and will slowly scratch and score bearing surfaces, turbocharger bearings, crankshaft journals, cylinder liners and hydraulic pump and valve surfaces.每一个发动机、液压泵、齿轮箱和其他部件只要工作就会产生磨损。微小的、次微米级颗粒的元素如铁、铜（可以变成催化剂侵蚀油品，导致酸性物质到泡沫。这些微小的金属污染物，其组成由发动机燃烧过程导致的炭黑，在系统中循环并通过它们的研磨动作生成更多的磨粒。这些固体颗粒变得好像精细磨削混合体开始缓慢划伤刻痕轴承表面、涡轮增压器轴承、曲轴轴颈、液压缸衬层、液压泵和阀的表面。Normal fullflow filters are rated at about 10 microns in hydraulic systems and 40 microns in engines and will not remove these submicronic particles. Furthermore, if the filters become plugged or if the bypass valves within them remain open for long periods of time, such as at cold startup, contaminated oil will be pumped throughout the system.液压系统中普通全流量过滤器精度大概是10um，发动机的是40um，是不能这些次微米颗粒的。而且，假如过滤器堵塞或者里面的旁通阀长时间打开，像这样的冷酷开始，污染的油品将被泵出通过系统。It is important to remember that if the levels of selfgenerated contamination are allowed to increase until some damage by abrasion is caused, it will be too late to prevent more on-going damage, even if the dirty oil is drained.最重要的要记住假如自生成污染物的程度是被允许增加直到被导致的研磨损坏部件，要预防正在的损坏就太晚了，直到假如脏的油被排出。Oxidation Degradation of the Oil油品的氧化降级Oxidation is defined as a chemical deterioration of an oil that is the result of continued contact with oxygen and catalysts such as copper. Oxidation causes the oil to thicken or increase in viscosity. This leads to reduced oil flow and reduced heat dissipation, which in turn accelerates the oxidation process.氧化被定义为油品被化学恶化，是持续接触氧气和催化剂如铜。氧化导致油膜变薄或者黏度增加。这会降低油流速和降低散热性能，又会加速油品的氧化过程。Any practice that increases the operating temperatures of an engine, gear drive or hydraulic oils must be avoided. Oil sump temperatures in engines operating at high speed and under heavy loads can reach or exceed 150 degrees C (302 degrees F), with piston ring temperatures exceeding 310 degrees C (590 degrees F). Turbochargers may operate at up to 100,000 rpm with oil temperatures exceeding 315 degrees C (600 degrees F).发动机运行温度增加这些惯例，齿轮箱或者液压油必须避免。发动机在高速运行和在重载下油品吸取温度能达到或超过150（302），活塞环温度超过310（590）。涡轮增压器可以运行高达100000rpm转速，油温超过315（600）。If engines or turbines are shut down immediately after operating at these temperatures, oxidation degradation of the oil can take place very quickly. Furthermore, if extremely hot oil is allowed to remain in the turbocharger or turbine bearing housings on hot shutdowns, oxidation can occur so rapidly that the oil may actually coke into a tarlike or carbon substance, which will plug turbocharger and turbine bearing oil passages.如果发动机或者涡轮在这些温度工作后突然停止，油的氧化降级会迅速发生。而且，如果极端热油在热停时允许留在涡轮增压器或者涡轮轴承室，氧化能迅速发生，油那时能真真“炒”成一种类似焦油或者碳的物质，这将堵塞涡轮增压器和涡轮轴承油喷嘴。Inoperative emission controls, retarded spark timing and thermostats with too high opening temperatures will increase the thermal load on gasoline engines, in turn increasing the rate of oxidation. In addition, improperly adjusted air/fuel ratios contribute to oxidative oil thickening because they produce blow-by gases containing high concentrations of nitrogen-dioxide compounds that rapidly promote oil thickening.不起作用的排放控制，推迟火花时机和过高的恒温器打开温度将增加汽油发动机热负荷，继而增加氧化速率。此外，空气和燃料比调整不当造成油氧化后变稠，因为它们产生漏气气体中含有高浓度二氧化氮化合物迅速促进油品变稠。Hydraulic systems, on the other hand, operate best when the bulk oil in the reservoir does not exceed 60 degrees C (140 degrees F). Oxidation rates within hydraulic oils will approximately double for every 10 degrees C (18 degrees F) increase in temperature. Continued oxidation of oil will cause sludge and varnish deposits to form and acid buildup to cause corrosion.液压系统，另一方面，最好的运行是油箱里的散装油不要超过60（140）。液压油的氧化率将成倍增加如果温度每升高10（18）。持续氧化的油品将导致油泥和似清漆类物质的产生和酸累积导致腐蚀。Water Contamination水污染Any water entry into hydraulic or turbine systems can cause severe damage, particularly in systems with very close tolerances, such as hydrostatic transmission systems that use piston pumps.任何水进入到液压油或者涡轮会导致损坏，显著是系统有非常紧密的间隙，如使用柱塞泵的液压传动系统。Water contamination caused by condensation is a common problem in North American climates due to dramatic changes in temperatures.在南美洲由于气候温度显著变化形成冷凝水导致水污染是一个常规问题。Hydraulic or turbine oil with a milky appearance is an indication of water in excess of 2,000 ppm, prompting action to be taken to replace the oil or remove the water through special filtration systems that are available for this purpose.液压或者涡轮机油显示成牛奶色，意味着含水量超过了2000ppm，提示必须换油或者使用特殊过滤系统去除水分可以有效达到这个目的。In gasoline engines, the combustion of 1 gallon of gasoline produces about 1 gallon of water. Any moisture entering the crankcase through blow-by can cause rusting, corrosion, sludge deposits and the separation of additives from the base oil.在汽油发动机中，燃烧一加仑汽油产生大约一加仑水。任何湿气通过“漏气”进入曲轴箱能导致生锈、腐蚀、油泥积存和添加剂从基础油中分离。Water entering the oil in a diesel engine can also be extremely harmful, particularly if poor-quality fuel is used. Low-quality fuel is generally high in sulfur content, and when water combines with sulfur dioxide, acids are formed, which will immediately attack bearing surfaces.水进入到柴油发动机是十分有害的，假如使用的是质量差的燃油危害更显著。劣质的燃料通常含硫量很高，当水与其结合会产生二氧化硫、酸等，会立即攻击轴承表面。Additive Depletion添加剂损耗When base oils are formulated and blended with additives, these elements are slowly used up in performing their functions. Antiwear and extreme-pressure agents are depleted as they are deposited on metal surfaces. Detergents and dispersants are used up as they continue to counteract various contaminant particles in the oil. Additives that protect against acid attacks are depleted as they counteract acid formations within the oil. The additive package will eventually become depleted or ineffective if the oil is allowed to remain in service for extended periods.当基础油中混合和调和有添加剂，这些元素在体现它们的功能是缓慢“用尽”的。抗磨损和耐压制剂被耗尽，它们是沉积在金属表面上的。洗剂剂和分离剂被耗尽是它们持续对抗油中的各种污染颗粒。那些保护酸攻击的添加剂耗尽是它们在抵消油中酸的生成。如果油被允许保持更长时间的服务，添加剂组合将最终耗尽或者无效。Incorrect or Poor-Quality Fuels不恰当或者劣质燃油As noted previously, the use of low-quality diesel fuel can cause severe corrosion problems due to the formation of acids resulting from high sulfur content. If, however, it is necessary to use fuels with more than 0.5-percent sulfur content, a lubricating oil with a minimum API service rating of CG-4 should be used. These oils generally are better able to counteract acids than oils of lesser quality.在之前提到的，劣质燃油的使用能导致严重的腐蚀问题，由于酸的形成源于高硫含量。然而，如果使用燃油含硫量超过0.5%，它是必要的。最低API服务评级为CG-4的润滑油将被使用。这些油通常能比低品质油更好的抵抗酸的形成。Today, the more serious problem is premature wear of fuel system components due to the poor lubricity of diesel fuel as a result of the removal of the natural lubricant sulfur. Ensure that water jacket temperatures are generally maintained above 79.5 degrees C (175 degrees F) to minimize sulfur attack. This means never operating an engine without a thermostat or wi