WHICH THAT的就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理 (2)

which that 就近与跳跃修饰就近与跳跃修饰 which 的用法的用法 1 WHICH 非限 1 which 指代主句宾语 s verb o which 指代指代 0 svo which 指代 s 一定错 2 which 指代主句主语 s s verb which 1 介词 which 连词 1 s verb o prep which 2 s verb o prep which 区别 介词 that 名词 I will buy this book because fromfrom thatthat I study a lot 有 because 作为连接词 不用 介词 which 结构连接 I will buy this book fromfrom whichwhich I study a lot 无连接词 需要用 介词 which 结构连接 which 指代的三种情况 指代的三种情况 1 紧邻修饰紧邻修饰 一般情况下 名词 which 中的 which 是就近修饰紧邻的名 词的 这种例子多的不胜枚举 一般例子就不用举了 只举个比较特别例子 A of B which 注 这里的 of 表示从属关系从属关系 1 The commission proposed that funding for development of the park which could be open to the public early next year be obtained through a local bond issue 2 Construction of the Roman Colosseum which was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater began in A D 69 during the reign of Vespasian and was completed the Colosseum with a one hundred day cycle of religious pageants gladitorial games and spectacles Flavian Amphitheatre 福雷维安圆形剧场 3 In laboratory rats a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane a substance that promotes blood clotting but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin which prevents clotting thromboxane 生化 凝血噁烷 凝栓质 血栓素 阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷 prostacyclin n 生物化学 药物 环前列腺素 前列腺环素 4 The survival of coral colonies which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae is being threatened experts say not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff oil slicks and trash but also by dropped anchors probing divers and global warming 5 In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches which include reducing employment using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms 这些例子都能说明从属关系从属关系 A of B which 中的 which 就近 修饰紧邻的名词 B 但是需要注意的是 在 SVO which 句型中 如果 which 指代 S 一定错误 which 如果指代主语 这样使用 s verb which 2 跳跃修饰跳跃修饰 在前有 核心词 介词 分词等修饰结构 或者插入语的情况 下 which 跳跃修饰前面的核心词 不能修饰紧邻的名词 跳跃修饰前面的核心词 不能修饰紧邻的名词 下面是几个例子 From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide with small ribs and rails of cedar which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids A baggage so light B baggage being so light C baggage yet being so light D baggage and so light E baggage yet was so light 答案 E 这句话的 which 离其所应该修饰的核心词 canoe 很远 中间 隔了一个插入语 还隔了个介词结构 about 但只要知道 核心词是 canoe 就能一目了然找到 which 应该指的是什么 这里不能修饰紧邻的名词 cedar OG12 26 Emily Dickinson s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ending shortly before Emily s death in 1886 outnumbering her letters to anyone else A Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ending shortly before Emily s death in 1886 outnumbering B Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ended shortly before Emily s death in 1886 outnumber C Dickinson written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and that ends shortly before Emily s death in 1886and outnumbering D Dickinson which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother ending shortly before Emily s death in 1886 and outnumbering E Dickinson which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan s marriage to Emily s brother and ending shortly before Emily s death in 1886 outnumber 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 Susan Huntington Dickinson 必须跳过介词结构 to 修饰核心词 letter Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas the merger of the nation s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 utility industry 必 须跳过介词结构 in 修饰核心词 merger In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition England passed the Woolens Act of 1698 which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony s borders 这里的 which 不能修饰紧邻的 1698 必须跳过介词结构 of 1968 修饰前面的核心词 act One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut Glut n 商品 供过于求 大量 商品 供过于求 大量 The Forbidden City in Beijing from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission on pain of death 有人这里会说这不是 A of B which 吗 which 应该紧邻修 饰啊 其实不然 因为 of 1968 和前面的那些 A of B 实际上 用法不一样 这里是表示时间而不是 从属关系 这个时间 应该归在介词结构一类 所以要跳过 on pain of违者以 论处 OG12SC107 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants a technique called proton induced X ray emission which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it is finding uses in medicine archaeology and criminology A Originally developed for detecting air pollutants a technique called proton induced X ray emission which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it B Originally developed for detecting air pollutants having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it a technique called proton induced X ray emission C A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants called proton induced X ray emission which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it D A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants called proton induced X ray emission which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it E A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance called proton induced X ray emission 答案 A 答案中 which 发生跳跃指代 而且 emission 不处于介词短 语中 这句话的 which 不能修饰其紧邻的名词 emission 必 须跳过分词修饰结构 called 修饰核心词 technique 注意这不是注意这不是 SVO which 指代指代 S 了了而是而是 called proton induced X ray emission 分词形式做后置修饰定语 GWD 10 Q2 GWD 11 10 Marconi s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone a tool for private conversation instead it is precisely the opposite a tool for communicating with a large public audience A Marconi s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone a tool for private conversation instead it is B Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone a tool for private conversation but which is C Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone instead it has become D Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation a substitute for the telephone which has become E Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone a tool for private conversation other than what it is 答案为 C B 为啥不好 因为选 B 会有 which 修饰 telephone 的错误 which 应该修饰 radio 的 虽然 which 可以跳跃 但是 逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候 应该是就近优先的 即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作 跳跃也 难保不会被判错 所以尽可能不跳跃修饰 GMAT 题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的 which which 跳跃是 可以接受的 但是正确选项中很少出现过 which 跳跃修饰的情况 几乎都被其他结构替代了 这说 明如果有可以替代的正确选项 那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的 which 因为可能有歧义 C 可以避免歧义 it 一般不指代介词短语中的名词 优先指代主语 如果主语是人或者复数不能指 代 则指代宾语 我不知道这题的 radio 还算不算宾语 但是至少你读出这个句子的时候 它确实 相当于一个宾语 至少算一个核心词 目前只见过 A of B A in B which 可以指代 A 主要都发生在介词短语中 A 选项可以我理解是因为 CALLED 从句表达的只是 tech 的另一个名字而已 本质上是同一东西 指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义 目前我找到的 which 强悍地跳跃 无视前面的名词的非常少 而且基本都不出现在选项中 都是未 画线部分 但是 可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃 当 which 前面有很多个名词的时候 不是只要有 一个正确 which 就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的 相反 GMAT 会优先判断这是修饰混乱 所 以 最好不要有跳跃指代 如果非跳不可 最好是使用单复数区分 which 的指代词 归纳一下 会发现 which 之所以要跳过介词结构是因为 其 原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词 但是因为 which 的内容太 长 而介词 分词等修饰结构又很短 所以把 which 结构结构 后置后置了 3 特别情况特别情况 A and B which 这个 which 到底修饰谁呢 是 A 是 B 还是 A and B 我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个 没有歧义 如果 A and B 中的 B 为复数 Bs which 后面动词也是复 数 which 指代会有歧义 让人不知道 which 到底指的是什 么 As and Bs which are which 指 Bs 或 which 指 As and Bs A and Bs which are which 指 Bs 或 which 指 A and Bs 下面情况没有歧义 如果 A 和 B 都是单数 which 后面动词复数 没有歧义 which 修饰 A and B 如果 B 是单数 不管 A 是单数还是复数 which 后面动词 也是单数 没有歧义 which 修饰 B 如果 B 是复数 不管 A 是单数还是复数 则必须要用 which together 没有歧义 这时 which 修饰 A and Bs 举两个例子 The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord which together form a kind of central exchange Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity 其实 which 的指代问题肯定不会只有这些 而且最准确判断 which 指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思 但是在实战中有 个别 GMAT 题目的很难判断本意 所以准备写大方向性的小 结还是必要的 OG12 SC10 10 Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot A which kept B that keeps C which has kept D that has been keeping E having kept 答案 B In A and C which introduces a restrictive clause Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses but insistence on this rule is controversial and both A and C can be rejected on other grounds Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there A Baltic Sea sediments which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there B Baltic Sea sediments where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings C Baltic Sea sediments findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity D sediments from the Baltic Sea findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area E sediments from the Baltic Sea consistent with the growth of industrial activity there 波罗的海 答案 D 为啥 A 不对 which 是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的 但是不能是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的 但是不能 跳过谓语动词 跳过谓语动词 svo which 指代 s 一定错 但这题中 which 跳跃多远都不对 这里 WHICH 是指代前面整个句子的意思 而这在 GMAT 中是一定错的 sediments are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there 逻辑意思有错误 只有 finding result means forms 之类的抽象名词才能 be consistent with 某个具体的东西不行 that 用法 用法 适用范围 1 不定代词为先行词 2 any all each every little few no much many 为先行词 3 人 物 为先行词 序数词为先行词 最高级为先行词 例句 The boy and the bike that are in the room 4 the only the very the most 为先行词 注意 the 不可省略 1 定语从句 定语从句 a subject verb object that verb object that 就近指代修饰离 that 最近的名词 2 定语从句中出现后置定语 介词短语分词 定语从句中出现后置定语 介词短语分词 S verb O prep C that verb object S verb O that verb O prep c 3 that 不能指代不能指代 人物人物 4 sth that and that that 不可省略不可省略 OG85 Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo Daro excavation in Pakistan the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates A that flurished at the same time as the civilizations B that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations C that flourished at the same time those had D flourishing at the same time as those did E flourishing at the same time as those were 答案 A 0G12 126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that in turn create unconscious physiological responses A that in turn create unconscious physiological responses B that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn C creating in turn unconscious physiological responses D to create in turn physiological responses that are unconscious E who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn 答案 A that 跳跃一个介宾结构修饰 reactions 这题有意思的地方还在于 E 干扰选项 who 紧跟在 individual 后面 出题机构现在变得很阴险喽 如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰 很容易 误选 E 所以也验证了很多同学说的 现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考 prep 语法语法 6 题题 that 就近指代 Aof B that 指代 B The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates A exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded to include B exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded and includes C exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded to include D exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded to include E exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand i e claw paw or foot has been expanded and includes 这个 that 修饰谁呢 答案 D that 是修饰 animals 只有动物才会 exhibit a preference of either using the right or the left hand list 怎么会 exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand 呢 GWD31 24 41 In California a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely due to their being so genetically similar to one another the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits the spread of this species in its native Argentina A due to their being so genetically similar to one another the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits B due to its being so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be a close relative and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit C because it is so genetically similar the ant considers all its fellows to be close relatives and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits D because they are so genetically similar to one another the ants consider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit E because of being so genetically similar to one another the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits 答案 D 不是直接考 that 指代 它考到了谓语单复数问题 that 这里的指代 the kind of fierce intercolony struggles 名词词组 所以 limit 用单数 because of 与 due to 问题 记住 because of 后面不能跟动词以及具有动词功能的动名词 而 due to be caused by 基本上 gmat 不会选有 due to 的选项 due to means caused by due to 只有 在能使用 caused by 的情况下被用在句子里 The game was postponed due to rain wrong The game was postponed because of rain correct The game s postponement was due to rain correct Because of 和 due to 的一个相同点是它们之后只能加名词或名词性词组 that 跳跃修饰跳跃修饰 关于 that 引导定语从句的跳跃修饰 1 N 介词短语 that 1 N 介词短语 that 中 that 跳跃修饰 N 885 4 21 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses A is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract B is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract C are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract D are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting E are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract 答案 C 从逻辑意思上看 that 应修饰 communities 2 N 介词短语 that 中 that 就近修饰 例子就不举了 很常见 2 A of B that 1 A of B that 中 that 指代 B Og10 1 The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child A occurring when a child B occurring when children C that occurred when a child D that occurred when they were children E that has occurred as each was a child 答案为 D that 就近指代 a divorce 2 A of B that 中 that 指代 A 的 Og10 168 Today because of improvements in agricultural technology the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910 A double the apples that it has B twice as many apples as it did C as much as twice the apples it has D two times as many apples as there were E a doubling of the apples that it did Choice B the best answer correctly uses the adverbial phrase twice as many to modify the verb produces properly employs many rather than much to describe a quantity made up of countable units apples and appropriately substitutes did for the understood produced to express the logically necessary past tense of produces Choice A awkwardly substitutes the adjective double for twice uses that without a clear referent and misuses has to refer to events occurring in 1910 Choice C employs the incorrect much in a wordy construction and also misuses has D is wordy and imprecise as there were in 1910 refers to all apples produced in 1910 regardless of location E is illogical since that refers to a doubling E nonsensically asserts that the doubling occurred in 1910 GWD 32 2 Written in ink or engraved by stylus more than 2 000 letters and documents on wooden tablets excavated at the site of the old roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England are yielding a historical account of the military garrison in the first and second centuries that are so vivid in their details about personal life as they are from Pompeii A are so vivid in their details about personal life as they ate B are as vivid in their details of personal life as those gathered C is as vivid in their detail about personal life as that gathered D is as vivid in its details of personal life as that gathered E is so vivid in its details of personal life as is that 选 D that 指代 a historical account of the military garrison 说 a historical account of the military garrison is as vi