语言学-形态学

Morphology形态学 Q1 Whatismorphology Q2 Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion Q3 Morpheme freemorphemevs boundmorpheme derivationalmorphemevs inflectionalmorphemeQ4 Affix prefixvs suffixQ5 Compoundingandcompounds 1 什么是形态学 研究范围 形态学是涉及语素系统的研究 它研究词的内部结构和构造规则Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed Q1 Whatismorphology Q2 Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion Openclasswords contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords suchasnouns adjectives verbsandadverbs E g hacker email internet surf spam blogsphere songlifting song shoplifting workaholic surgiholic tree huggerTaikonaut ginormous fantabulous菜鸟 驴友 枪手 做秀 粉丝 帖子 拍砖 下课 前卫 PK 丁克 爽 酷 饭局 充电 月光族 黄牛 房奴 Closedclasswords grammaticalorfunctionalwords suchasconjunction articles prepositionandpronouns e 偶 Q3 语素的定义 语素是语言最小的意义单位 句子是由单词构成的 词可以被分成更小的成分 我们把这些处于单词最低一层的 有意义的成分称为 语素 Q3 Whatismorpheme Q3 Whatismorpheme Morpheme theminimalmeaningfulunitHowmanymorphemesdoeseachofthefollowingwordscontain boy desireboyish desirableboyishness desirabilitygentlemanliness undesirabilityantidisestablishmentarianism 根据结构语素分为自由语素和粘着语素 morpheme freemorpheme boundmorpheme 具有完整词汇意义具有一定词汇意义能够独立使用不能单独使用根据语义语素分为词根 root 和词缀 affix 自由 粘着屈折 派生freeroot boundrootinflectionalaffix derivationalaffix前缀 后缀prefix suffix 词根 词缀 自由语素和粘着语素的关系 Freevs boundmorpheme Freemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself suchasbed tree sing dance Boundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme Theycannotstandbythemselves suchas s in dogs al in national dis in disclose ed in recorded Derivationalvs inflectionalmorpheme Derivationalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofthewordstowhichtheyareconjoined orchangetheirlexicalordictionarymeaning E g modern modernize length lengthen fool foolish do undo selfish unselfishetc Inflectionalmorphemes Whenawordchangesinformbutnotinlexicalmeaning wesayithasundergoneaninflection E g Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers signifyingsuchconceptsasperson number gender case tense aspectandsoon theyneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofthebasewordsortheirlexicalmeaning 3 词根 词基和词干 去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基 去掉屈折词缀得到的词为词干 如果去掉词缀后的单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能再去任何词缀 则这个词是个词根 4 构词法 构词方法 wordformation 复合法 compound 混合法 blending 派生法 derivation 缩略法 abbreviation 逆构法 backformation 借词法 borrowing 造词法 invention Q4 Affix prefixvs suffixandsomeotherterms root stem base Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes inflectionalaswellasderivational areremoved E g in desirable in unbelievable Astemispartofaword formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved E g in undesirables in enriched Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase E g desire in desired isa enrich in enriches isa Basicways rulesofformingwordsinEnglish 1 Freemorphemeformingaword自由语素成词2 Derivation派生 afreemorphemeplusatleastaderivationalmorpheme bound aderivative3 Compounding复合 twofreemorphemesmerged acompound ExamplesofCompounding Nouncompoundsdaybreak N V playboy V N haircut N V callgirl V N windmill N N Verbcompoundsbrainwash N V lipread N V babysit N V Adjectivecompoundsmaneating N Ving heartfelt N Ved dutyfree N adj Prepositioncompoundsinto P P throughout P P Somepointsaboutcompounds Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory e g postbox landlady icy coldWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound e g head strong pickpocketCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon compoundedwordsequence e g redcoat greenhouseThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts Chinesemorphology Dothereexistaffixes freevsboundmorphemes derivationalvsinflectionalmorphemes andcompoundsinChinese one morphemewordsthatmaycomprisetwoormoreChinesecharacters单纯词 人 水 走 吃 红琵琶 枇杷 葡萄 菩提 仿佛 犹豫 巧克力 苏维埃Derivatives派生词老 小 阿 第 初 见 子 头 儿 者 员 士 手 化Compounds复合词思想 动静 看见 纸张 车辆 注意 关心 笔试 Chineseinflectionalmorphemes DotheleelementinthefollowingtwoChinesesentencesexpressthesamegrammaticalizedmeaning 他吃坏肚子了 他吃坏了肚子 Leisundoubtedlyagrammaticalmarker Butisitanaspectmarkeroratenseindicator Adebatablematter Anditseemsthatthesentencefinallediffersfromthelefollowingtheverbphraseinthattheyareassociatedwithdifferentmeanings Changeofstateorcontrarytoexpectation Whatdoyouthinkistheprogressiveaspectmarker Zaiorzhe Whatdoestheguomorphemeindicate 1 Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields thestudyofword formationand A affixationB etymologyC inflectionD root2 Thewordboyishcontainstwo A phonemesB Mo