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USPoliticalSystem TheBasis ThegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesisbasedonawrittenconstitution whichistheshortestintheworld Fromthisdocument theentirefederalgovernmentwascreated Itisalivingdocumentwhoseinterpretationhaschangedovertime Whennecessary UScitizensareabletomakeamendmentstotheconstitution BillofRights TheBillofRightsconsistsofthetenamendmentsaddedtotheConstitutionin1791 TheEnglishBillofRights 1689 wasaninspirationfortheAmericanBillofRights Bothrequirejurytrials includearighttokeepandbeararms andforbid cruelandunusualpunishments SevenArticles Thesevenarticlesoftheconstitutioncoverthefollowingareas LegislativepowerExecutivepowerJudicialpowerStates powersandlimitsAmendmentsFederalpowerRatification LegislativePower ArticleOnedescribestheCongress thelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernment Thishastwoco equalhouses theHouseofRepresentativestorepresentthepeople andtheSenatetorepresenttheStates ThisisknownasRepresentativeDemocracy ExecutivePower Articletwocreatesthepresidency ExecutivepowerisvestedinaPresident Thepresidentialtermisfixedatfouryears APresidentcanonlyservefortwoterms ThemethodofelectingthePresidentissetoutintheTwelfthAmendment JudicialPower ArticleThreedescribesthecourtsystem thejudicialbranch ThearticleestablishestheSupremeCourt Congresscancreatelowercourts whosejudgmentsandorderscanbereviewedbytheSupremeCourt ArticleThreealsocreatestherighttotrialbyjuryinallcriminalcasesanddefinesthecrimeoftreason States Powers Limitations ArticleFourdescribestherelationshipbetweenthestatesandthefederalgovernmentandbetweenthestatesthemselves Stategovernmentscannotdiscriminateagainstcitizensofotherstatesinfavouroftheirowncitizens Italsolaysdownalegalbasisforfreedomofmovementandtravelbetweenthedifferentstates Amendments ArticleFivesetsoutthedifferentwaysinwhichAmendmentscanbemade Anynewamendmentmaybeapprovedbytwo thirdsofbothhousesofCongress thensenttothestatesforapproval Tobeadopteditmustbeapprovalbythree quartersofthestates NoamendmentmaydepriveastateofequalrepresentationintheSenate withoutthatstate sconsent FederalPower ArticleSixestablishestheConstitution andthelawsandtreatiesoftheUnitedStatesmadeaccordingtoit tobethesupremelawoftheland Allfederalandstatelegislators officers andjudgesmustsweartosupporttheConstitution Theconstitutionsandlawsofanystatemustnotconflictwiththelawsofthefederalconstitution Ratification ArticleSevensetsforththerequirementsforratificationoftheConstitution TheConstitutionwouldnottakeeffectuntilatleastnineoftheoriginalstateshadratifiedtheConstitutioninstateconventionsspeciallyconvenedforthatpurpose anditwouldonlyapplytothosestatesthatratifiedit SuccessfulAmendments TheConstitutionhastwenty sevenamendments Thefirstten collectivelyknownastheBillofRights wereratifiedsimultaneouslyby1791 Thefollowingseventeenwereratifiedseparatelyoverthenexttwocenturies FirstAmendment Thisaddressestherightsoffreedomofreligion CongresscannotestablishaStateReligion Italsoprotectsfreedomofspeech freedomofthepress freedomofassembly andfreedomofpetition SecondAmendment Thisguaranteestherightofindividualstocarryfirearms FifthAmendment Thisdealswithcriminaltrials Nobodycanbepunishedpunishmentwithoutdueprocessoflaw Anaccusedpersonmaynotbecompelledtotestifyagainsthimself Italsoprohibitsgovernmentfromtakingprivatepropertyforpublicusewithout justcompensation SeparationofPowers AttheheartoftheConstitutionistheprincipleknownas separationofpowers Thismeansthatpowerisspreadbetweenthethreebranches theexecutive thelegislatureandthejudiciary Nosinglebranchhastoomuchpowerandnoindividualcanbeamemberofmorethanonebranch Thisisalsoknownas checksandbalances TermsofOffice ThePresidenthasatermof4years MembersoftheSenateservefor6years MembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesservefor2years MembersoftheSupremeCourteffectivelyserveforlife Benefits Weaknesses Thegreatbenefitofthissystemisthatpowerisspreadandcounter balanced Thegreatweaknessofthesystemisthatitmakesgovernmentslowandcomplicatedwhichisahugedisadvantageinaworldoffast movingpoliticalandeconomicdevelopments LegislativeBranch TheLegislativebranchhastwohouses theHouseofRepresentatives andtheSenate EitherhousecanmakelawsandthePresidentcanalsoproposenewlaws ThesenateandtheHousearebothelected HouseofRepresentatives TheHouseconsistsof435members Eachofwhomforatwo yearterm HouseseatsarebasedonthepopulationofindividualStatesNormallyaHouseconstituencywouldrepresentaround500 000people TheSenate EachstatehastwoSenators regardlessofpopulation and sincethereare50states thenthereare100senators EachSenatorservesforsixyearsSenateElectionsareheldinNovemberinevennumberedyears Onlyone thirdoftheSenateseatsareupforelectioninanyoneyear TheSupremeCourt TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtintheUnitedStates Itcandeclareanylaworexecutiveactionasunconstitutional andthereforenotallowed TheSupremeCourthasamuchmore political rolethanthehighestcourtsofEuropeandemocracies ItconsistsofnineJusticesledbyaChiefJustice Theyhaveequalweightwhenvotingonacase Irony TheJusticesarenominatedbythePresidentandconfirmedwiththe adviceandconsent oftheSenate Theyserveforlifeandcanberemovedonlybyresignationorbyimpeachment ItisoneofthemanyironiesoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemthatanunelectedandunaccountablebodyliketheSupremeCourtcanexercisesomuchpoliticalpower ExecutiveBranch ThisisthePresidentandthoseheappointstoassisthim ThePresidentisboththeheadofstateandtheheadofgovernment aswellasthemilitarycommander in chiefandchiefdiplomat Theexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment avastorganisationnumberingabout4millionpeople LimitedPresidentialPowers ThePresidentmaysignorvetolegislationpassedbyCongressandhasthepowertorecommendmeasurestoCongress TheCongressmayoverrideapresidentialvetobutonlybyatwo thirdsmajorityineachhouse PresidentialElections ThePresidentiselectedforafixedtermoffouryearsandmayserveamaximumoftwoterms ElectionsarealwaysheldonthefirstTuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovember ThePresidentisnotelecteddirectlybythevotersbutbyanElectoralCollegerepresentingeachState Impeachment ThePresidentmaybeimpeachedbyamajorityintheHouseandremovedfromofficebyatwo thirdsmajorityintheSenatefor treason bribery orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanours PresidentsAndrewJohnsonandBillClintonwereimpeachedbytheU S HouseofRepresentatives butacquittedbytheSenate RichardNixonresignedbeforehecouldbeimpeached StateGovernment StategovernmentshavethepowertomakelawsonallsubjectsthatarenotgrantedtothefederalgovernmentConstitution Theseincludeeducation familylaw contractlaw andmostcrimes ChecksandBalances Thisphrasereferstothewayinwhichthethreegovernmentbranchesarebalancedsothatnosinglebranchcanbecometoopowerful ItisaveryimportantaspectoftheUnit
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