雅思阅读同义词总结.doc

1. 限制：limit, restrict, confine, define, narrow, tighten, constrictnarrow(v.): 这个词大家以前使用的时候一般都是作为形容词来用，这里强调下它的动词的用法。E.g. We are working on narrowing the gap between our points of view. 缩小差距E.g. Were working to narrow down the list of possible suspects.E.g. The smoking causes the same diseases in women as in men and the gap between their death rates is narrowing.define (v.): 这个词大家以前熟悉的意思是给下定义, 这个意思和限制并不矛盾，什么叫下定义？就是描述出一个事物的轮廓，所以定义就是在一个给定的范围内给一个事物限定的特定的意思。（define的英文解释： If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like）E.g. The Supreme Court decision could define how far Congress can go in trying to determine the outcome of court cases.2. 集中，聚焦于：focus on, concentrate on, aim, spotlight, be engrossed in, lay/place/put emphasis on, deal only with, highlight, spotlight(v./n.): 本意是聚光灯的意思E.g. A new report has turned the spotlight on the problem of poverty in the inner cities.E.g. The report has turned the spotlight on the startling rise in street crime.E.g. Unemployment is once again in the spotlight.E.g. The article spotlights the problems of the homeless.engross (v.): 全神贯注于某事E.g. The scene was stunning, and for a time engrossed all our attention.E.g. He was so engrossed in his book that he didnt hear her come in.highlight(v./n.): 本意为用高亮度标记E.g. The incident has served to highlight the problems of urban deprivation.|highlight 作名词用表示一系列事情的亮点，高潮，最精彩所在，E.g. That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip.E.g. The highlight of the trip was visiting the Great Wall of China.3. 现代的，最新的：contemporary, modern, current, present, recent, up-to-date, latest这里需要注意latest不要翻成最晚的，是最新的，最近的意思up-to-date(a.): 最新的E.g. They have access to up-to-date information through a computer database.latest (a.):最新的E.g. the latest fashions from the Paris catwalks.contemporary: 现代的，这个词准确的来说和最近的（latest）意思还是有区别的，不果的阅读考试大部分词考得都是词和词之间的相关性，其实也不太有可能两个词的意思是完全一样的，一般来说只要他们意思相关，并且不发生矛盾的话，我们就可以认为他们之间是同义词。这也就是为什么contemporary会和latest在一组的原因了。4. 增长：grow, increase, expand, rise, improve, soar, climb, extend, rocket,soar (v.): 飙升E.g. The price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.rocket(v./n.):作名词是火箭的意思, 动词: 直线上升E.g. Stock prices rocketed to their highest level yesterday.这组词在阅读和写作当中可能会发生词性的变化，主要是形容词，动词和名词这三种间的转换。grow-growing-growth; increase-increasing-increase; expand-expanding- expansion; rise-rising-rise; improve-improved-improvement; extend- extended- extension; climb-climbing-climb5. 加速，前进：accelerate, speed up, advance, hasten, quicken, develop, hurry, accelerate(v.)：物理学中的加速度就是这个单词E.g. The decline of her health seemed to suddenly accelerate.develop (v.): 发展，也就是说现在的速度比原先的快才能叫发展，所以develop和和加速这个意思是属于相关词在这里需要强调一下，英文当中越简单的东西，它的用法是越丰富的，这里简单列几个develop常用的几个词条develop liver disease 得病，develop the pictures 冲照片advance(v.): 进步，前进E.g. The groups research has done much to advance our knowledge of the HIV virus.6. 相似的，相同的similar, alike, same, resemble, identical, twin,alike (a.): E.g. The two versions of the text are alike in many ways. resemble (v.): E.g. Soldiers are trained under conditions that closely resemble real combat.identical (a.): E.g. This house is almost identical to the one where I lived as a child.twin (n./v./a.): 记住阿娇和阿萨就记住这个单词了，本意是双胞胎的意思E.g. identical twinE.g. the twin problems of poverty and unemployment/ Meet my twin sister.E.g. The opera twins the themes of love and death.E.g. Chichester in England is twinned with Chartres in France. 7. 重要的,必要的,必不可少的，关键的，有意义的，important, significant, weighty, critical, vital, essential, crucial, indispensable, necessary, key, pivotal, chief, principal, leading (反义词：unimportant, trivial, minor, irrelevant, insignificant)这组词不仅在阅读中很重要，在写作中也尤为值得一提，这组词直接的或者间接的都表示重要的意思。significant (a. ): E.g. Volunteer tutoring programs can have a significant impact on student achievement.significant还可以表示变化很大或者大量的意思：E.g. A significant number of drivers still refuse to wear seat belts.critical (a.): 至关重要的，危及的E.g. Foreign trade isof critical importanceto the economy.Eight people were killed and four are still in a critical condition.题外话：critical point在游戏中可以指暴击点数的意思momentous(a. ): 有意义的E.g. The revolution taking place in Eastern Europe must be counted as one of the most momentous events of this century.vital (a.): E.g. Regular exercise is vital for your health.E.g. The tourist industry is ofvital importanceto the national economy. (of vital importance= very important)vital signs: 生命特征（判断一个人是否还活着，例如心跳，体温等）indispensable (a.): 必不可少的E.g. International cooperation is indispensable to resolving the problem of the drug trade.necessary：这个词可以说是这组词里最简单，但也是最容易弄错的一个，很多学生都会说必要的和重要的是有不同的：重要的不一定是必要的，但必要的一定是重要的。关于这点的解释大家可以参考上面的similar和same的解释。8. 紧急的，迫不及待的,临近的urgent, pressing, crucial, critical, immediate, emergentpressing(a.): E.g. Poverty is a more pressing problem than pollution.immediate (a. ): 急切的，迫切的，接近/临近的（这个词条非常常用，特别是后面接地点的时候，基本上都是表示接近和靠近的意思）E.g. There is animmediate dangerof war.E.g. It is a thriving shopping centre for the people who live in theimmediate (=local) area.immediate family: 直系亲属（父母， 子女，兄弟姐妹等）9. 长期的，慢性的chronic, persistent, long-term, habitual, long-standing, 反义词：acutechronic(a.): 这个单词的本意是慢性的，引申出长期的意思，或者说是这个单词的解释中包含长期的意思。E.g. chronic heart diseaseE.g. There is a chronic shortage of teachers.E.g. He was a chronic alcoholic and unable to hold down a job. /chronic gamblerhabitual (a.): 习惯性的（养成习惯了，那肯定是长期形成的）E.g. an habitual smoker/drinker/liar/criminallong-standing (a.): E.g. a long-standing relationship/debate10. 人工的，人造的，合成的artificial, synthetic, false, man-made, manufactured, artificial intelligence(AI)=machine reasoningartificial (a.): 人工的E.g. an artificial limb/flower/sweetener/fertilizer/colourssynthetic (a.): 人工合成的E.g. synthetic rubberfalse (a.): 假的，错误的false teeth/hair/eyelashes etc 假牙/假发/假睫毛manufactured (a.): 人造的（其实manu-这个前缀本来是表示用手工制造的意思，但是随着时间的推移，这个前缀已经逐渐转变为用机器大批量制造的意思了，例如：The firm manufactures womens clothing.）E.g. a news story manufactured by an unscrupulous journalist11. 联系,连接,绑定link, associate, connect, relate, tie, unite, attach, bind,tie (v.): E.g. My social life and business life are closely tied.tie作名词有领结和平局的意思E.g. The first game ended in a tie.E.g. Jason had taken off his jacket and loosened his tie.(=necktie)tie the knot 结婚(非正式说法，一种很形象化的说法：打上蝴蝶结，类似于我们中文中的说法：结为连理或者走进教堂这种间接的说法)attach (v.): 附加，固定E.g. A copy of my resume is attached to this letter.attachment (n.): E.g. old peoples attachment to traditional customs 忠诚E.g. Ill send the spreadsheet as an attachment. 附件E.g. a childs attachment to its mother 依恋最后需要大家在写作中注意这几个动词和介词的搭配：link A to/with B; associate A with B; connect A to/with B; tie A to B; relate A to B; bind A to B; 12. 足够的，充分的,大量的sufficient, adequate, enough, abundant, ample, plenty of, considerable, plentiful, sufficient (a.): E.g. sufficient time/resources/information 反义词：insufficientE.g. Will the growth in output be sufficient to meet the increased demand?adequate (a.): E.g. an adequate supply of hot water 反义词：inadequateE.g. There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students.abundant (a.): E.g. We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt.ample (a.): 这个词一般都放在名词之前，不可以说A is ample.an office complex with ample parking这个词还可以用于幽默的说女性的身材很胖：a woman with an ample figureconsiderable (a.): 大量的E.g. issues of considerable importanceE.g. Weve saved a considerable amount of money.13. 战争，军事，military, army, battle(field), armed forces, attack, combat, conflict, war, the services, submarine, weapon, explosives, bomb, rocket, weapons of mass destructionarmed forces: 武装部队/力量 arm本意是胳膊的，动词的意思是装备的意思（equip）,所以armed解释为武装的E.g. Many of the gangs are armed to the teeth (=carrying a lot of weapons). 武装到牙齿，这个说法很形象armed还可以解释为用知识或者技能来武装自己：E.g. She came to the meeting armed with all the facts and figures to prove us wrong.14. 隔绝，孤立，分离isolation, separation, detachment, disconnect, insulate, loneliness, desolate, remote, isolation (n.): E.g. Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.detachment (n.): E.g. He answered with an air of detachment.insulate (v.): 绝缘insulating tape 绝缘胶带lonely (a.): 孤独的（从而不开心的）， 注意和alone的区别（alone是表示一个人或者单单的意思，不是孤独的意思，例如travel alone）desolate (v.): 荒凉的，空虚的 E.g. In some of the more desolate regions, half of the active population is out of work.remote (a.): E.g. remote control 遥控器；remote chance/possibility 机会渺茫；15. 脆弱的，容易受到伤害的fragile,sensitive,vulnerable,delicate,frail,weak,susceptible,tender, fragile (a.): E.g. Relations between the two countries are in a fragile state.sensitive (a.): 敏感的，很多考生不明白脆弱的和敏感的怎么会是相关词，举个简单的例子：如果有篇文章中说南极的气候非常的敏感frail (a.): E.g. frail body/physiquefeeble (a.): E.g. a feeble light/voicesusceptible (a.): E.g. Children are particularly susceptible to the disease.delicate (a.): E.g. The sun can easily damage a childs delicate skin.16. fall, decline, descend, dive, drop, plummet, plunge, sink, decrease, go down, slump, cut, dip,17. depend on, rely upon(on), count on, lean on, reckon on, rest on, bank on,18. 资金，金融，补助，福利，工资fund, finance, pay for, subsidize, salary, economic, welfare, wage, money, income, fee, 说白了，这组词都是和钱有关的welfare (n.): 福利（健康和幸福），很多考生都会认为福利和钱还是有差别的，福利是无形的，钱是看得见的，不过从个根本来说，福利其实就是种金钱激励（至少西方人是这么认为的），所以welfare和钱是相关词。E.g. Annabelle stopped getting welfare benefits when her husband landed a minimum-wage job.subsidize (v.): 补助（sub-这个前缀的意思表示：under or below a particular level or thing）补助的方式有很多，但归根结底都可以用钱来表示，在这点上可以参考welfareE.g. Farming isheavily subsidized (=subsidized a lot)by the government.wage (n./v.): 工资E.g. The wage increases will come into effect in June.E.g. minimum wage/ wage-packet(an envelope that contains your wages)/注意：wage作为动词用，解释为发动（战争或者运动的意思）E.g. wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc；wage war (on somebody/something)19. 第一，最初，最早first, earliest, oldest, initial, original(反义词copy), introduction, commencement, pioneer, coin, launch, debut, pioneer (n./v.): 先锋 （也就是第一批做某件事的人），所以pioneer和first的关系也属于定义型相关E.g. The new cancer treatment was pioneered in the early eighties by Dr Sylvia Bannerjee.E.g. He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology.E.g. The two countries have initialled a new defence co-operation agreement.E.g. initial stage/phase/periodoriginal (a.): 这个词在阅读中很多时候用来修饰一件艺术品，意思就是说这件作品是真的，不是后人仿造的或者赝品，所以original在这里和copy是反义词。E.g. the original paintingcoin (v.): 发明，创造（当然包含第一次的意思了）E.g. The word cybershot was coined by SONY.introduction (n.): 引进the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time(英英解释)E.g. the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2000 years agolaunch (v.): 我们熟知的意思为火箭的发射，考试中常用的意思为开始或者推广E.g. The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October.debut (n./v.): 初次登场E.g. Paula is the only artist to achieve four number ones from a debut album.E.g. He made his Major League debut as shortstop.E.g. The show will debut next Monday at 8.00pm.20. hazard, danger, risk, threat, jeopardy, peril,21. 常见的，寻常的usual, normal, common, general, habitual, ordinary, regular, routine, typical,habitual (a.): 习惯性的E.g. an habitual smoker/drinker/liar/criminalroutine (a./n.): 例行公事，常规E.g. Staying at your desk until 7.30 pm has become routine. E.g. routine tasks/jobs22. impossible, out of the question, unachievable, unobtainable, impracticable, unattainable,23. ignore,overlook,neglect,pass over,turn a blind eye to,disregard,24. change,modify,alter,shift,vary,convert,mutate,reorganize,25. 反对object, oppose, argue against, disagree, dispute, quarrel, contradict, anti-,26. appreciate, be aware of, realize, recognize, be conscious of 27. 导致，产生breed, produce, arouse, bring about, cause, generate, give rise to, lead to, result in, ontribute to, be responsible for, create, breed (v./n): 本义：繁殖/品种，引申为产生(原句：Isolation breeds linguistic diversity 地域的隔离导致/产生语言的多样性)E.g. Poverty is a breeding ground for crime.E.g. Poor living conditions breed violence and despair.contribute to: contribute大家最常用的意思是贡献，所以很多考生都有个思维定势是，这个词只能导致好的结果。其实不然，这个短语是个中性词，后面接好的或者是坏的结果都是可以的。E.g. Stress is acontributing factorin many illnesses.arouse (v.): E.g. He works hard to arouse his students curiosity.bring about: E.g. A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.generate (v.): E.g. The program would generate a lot of new jobs.generation (n.): 有产生还有一代人的意思 E.g. the new generationof mobile phonesgeneration gap：代沟28. 灭绝，消失extinct, vanished, gone, lost(loss), die out, kill off, disappear, absence, extinct (a.): 这个词很多考生不会用，注意这个词是形容词，不是动词（不要少了形容词前的be动词）。E.g. Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.extinct volcano 死火山/active volcano 活火山/dormant volcano休眠火山vanish (v.): E.g. a rapidly vanishing way of lifeE.g. The birdvanished from sight.absence (n.): 缺少，缺乏E.g. The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof.E.g. absence makes the heart grow fonder 距离产生美29. diversity, difference, variety, diverseness, range, variation,30. inevitable, unavoidable, certain, sure, inescapable, 31. 疾病，痛苦complaint,illness,disease,sickness,upset,affliction,ailment,malady,complaint (n.): 委婉语：疾病/抱怨，投诉大家先看看disease这个词的构成，dis-是一个否定前缀，ease的形容词是easy，就是轻松，舒服的意思，由此可见，disease其实本来也是个委婉语，后来逐渐的就没有委婉的意思了，complaint也有这个趋势。E.g. a kidney complaint（可不要解释为肾脏的抱怨）E.g. minor complaints like headachesupset (n.): stomach upsetaffliction (n.): 非常正式的说法E.g. Smoking is a major cause of cancer and other afflictions.ailment (n.): 不是很严重的病E.g. minor ailmentsmaladay (n.): 老式用法，还可引申为一种很严重的社会问题E.g. Violent crime is only one of the maladies afflicting modern society.32. because(of), due to, since, for, by reason of, in that, on account of, owing to, thanks to, 33. 独特的unique, gifted, unparalleled, incomparable, unequalled, unrivalled, unique和gifted是真题中出现的一对相关词。原文中某些运动员的基因很独特，题目说他们很有天赋，意思是一致的。unique (a.): E.g. Joan has a unique talent for languages.unparalleled (a.): 无与伦比的E.g. He has an unparalleled knowledge of local history. incomparable (a.): E.g. He was an incomparable teacher.34. 营养nutrition, diet, food, nutriment, nourishment,35. damage, harm, hurt, impair, ruin, destroy, weaken, spoil, kill36. inhibit, hinder, impede, obstruct, stop, hamper, forbid, obstacle, bar, barrier, block, hurdle, obstruction, impediment, prevent, ban, difficulty,37. 唯一的，排外的sole, only, alone, exclusive. single, solitary, privilegeprivilege (n.): 特权，有篇文章说的是artificial reef(人造礁石)，其中有个内容说的是日本政府有个政策就是给予渔民们特权：如果这块礁石是由这个地区的渔民造的并且带来了鱼群，那么这些鱼就专属于这些渔民。大家想想在这里privilege（特权）是不是就是表示只有他们才有的权利，是不是排他性的。再给个例子，特权车，例如警车，闯红灯不犯法（非执勤情况而且不鸣警笛的情况）是不是警车的特权呢？再如，贵族学校是不是有钱人家孩子的特权呢？以特低价买商品房是不是某些官员的特权呢？E.g. A good education should not just be a privilege of the rich.sole (n.): 唯一的E.g. The company has the sole rightsto market Elton Johns records.exclusive (a.): 动词形式是exclude（就是include的反义词）E.g. Our prices are exclusive of sales taxE.g. mutually exclusive 相互排斥的E.g. exclusive report/interview/coverage etcE.g. an exclusive girls school（exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them）alone (a./adv.): E.g. The team earned over a million pounds from television alone last year.38. rural,country,agricultural,countryside,farmland,39. stress,burden,pressure,tension,strain40. agree,in favour of,consent,comply,approval,41. benefit, improvement, advantage, profit, aid,42. no, without, none, absence, lack, deficiency, nothing, zero, failure, free from, want, 43. complex, complicated, intricate,44. 居住settle, inhabit, dwell, live, reside, accommodate, people (v.): E.g. The region has traditionally been peopled by Indians.E.g. an island peopled by hardy seafolk45. rapid, quick ,fast, swift, in no time, immediately, at once, right away, without delay, instantly, express,46. large, big, considerable, enormous, gigantic, great ,huge, substantial, vast, massive, numerous, immense, tremendous 47. reproduce, copy, duplicate, replicate, imitate, emulate, mimic, repeat48. 客观的,公正的objective, unbiased, impartial, unprejudiced, fair, disinterested, equitable, just, neutral, balanced, equal, objective (a.): E.g. an objective analysis/assessment/reportunbiased (a.): 没有偏见的E.g. We aim to provide a service that is balanced and unbiased.Impartial (a.): E.g. A good system must be accessible, impartial, speedy, open, and effective.unprejudiced (a.): 有本英文名著叫傲慢与偏见-pride and prejudice（Jane Austen） 这当中最著名的一句话是：It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. disinterested (a.): E.g. A lawyer should provide disinterested advice.neutral (a.): 中立的E.g. Russia promised to remain neutral unless Germany attacked France.equitable (a.): 平等的E.g. Competition that is structured carefully, however, can produce more equitable results than service delivery by a public monopoly.49. 费力的，困难的,花费精力的，难对付的demanding, difficult, challenging, tough wearing, dauntingdemanding (a.): E.g. a demanding job/ a demanding bossE.g. Climbing is physically demanding.50. 有名的,著名的famous, well-known, celebrated, prominent, renowned, distinguished, acclaimed, noted, notable, long-established, eminent, reliable, celebrated (a.): E.g. a celebrated professorE.g. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his celebrated speech before the Lincoln Memorial in 1963.celebrity (n.) 社会名流prominent (a.): E.g. She was prominent in the fashion industry.well-established (a.): 受人尊敬和信任的（和著名的意思还是有细微差别，不过并不矛盾，所以是相关词）E.g. a well-established hotelreliable (a.): 可靠的51. 在之前，早于prior to, before, earlier than, in advance of, ahead of, previously, formerly, beforehand 52. starving, hungry, famished, ravenous, sta