英美法律制度1

IntroductiontoAnglo AmericanLegalSystem CHAPTER1HISTORICALBACKGROUND 1 1PRE FEUDALSOCIETY1 1 1EarlySettlement 55B C 3Celtictribes Gaels fromabout750B C Britons fromabout500B C Thethirdgroupcamearound100B C fromGaul 1 ABRIEFHISTORYOFTHEGREATBRITAIN 1 1 2TheRomanOccupation 55B C 410 JuliusCaesar stwoinvasions between55and54B C BritainwasaRomanprovinceinname RomanOccupation 43A D 410A D Theresultinggrowthofitscivilizationwasmoreobviousinurbanareasthanamongtheagriculturalpeasantsandweakestintheresistanthighlandzone SlavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland 1 1 3Anglo SaxonTimes ThedownfalloftheRomanEmpirein410 Thefiercenortherntribesbegantopourintotheislandfromaboutthemiddleofthe5thcentury TheyweretheGermanictribestheAngles SaxonsandJutes TheCeltswerewhollydefeatedBeforelongthedistinctionsbetweenthesethreetribeslostsignificance andbytheendofthe7ththeyregardedthemselvesas thenationoftheEnglish Heptarchy buttheylackedunityandEnglandwasdividedintoanumberofkingdoms consideredbyhistorianstohavebeenseven andthereforecalledthe heptarchy Egbert thekingofWessex styledhimself KingoftheEnglish in829 Christianity allEnglandwasunitedunderonewell organizedchurch TheheadoftheChurchwastheArchbishopofCanterbury 1 1 4TheinvasionofVikingsandtheDanishRule Vikings aroundtheturnofthe8thcentury invadedEngland KingAlfredofWessex afterhavingdefeatedtheDanesthroughmanygreatbattles madeanagreementwithGuthrum whomhehadcaptured thatGuthrumwasallowedtorulethenorthofEnglandwhilehehimselfruledthesouth AlfredtheGreat thebeginningofAnglo SaxonTimes 871 1060 Neartheendofthe10thcentury duringthereignofEthelred freshwavesoffierceDanishfightersfromthecontinentattackedthesouth In1013theDanishking Sweyen becamemasterofEngland andEthelredfledtoNormandyinFrance thehomeofhiswifeEmma SoonafterwardsSweyendied andtheEnglishsentfortheir lawfulking SoEthelredcameback AfterEthelred sdeathin1016 hisson Edmund foughtmostheroicallyagainsttheDanes buthecouldnotgetenoughforcestodrivetheDanesout SohemadeanagreementwithCanute thesonofSweyen providingthatthecountryshouldbedividedbetweenthem Verysoonafterthetreaty Edmunddiedwithmysterioussuddenness andCanutebecametherulerofEngland Canutewentoncollectingtaxesinordertopayforforeignwars whichsoonmadehimtheKingofDemarkandNorway too ButheworkedhardtounitedtheDanishandSaxonpeoples Canutediedin1035andhistwosons HaroldIandHardecanute reignedsuccessively AfterthedeathofHardecanute therewasnocapablemanoftheDanishlinetoclaimthethrone TheEnglishonceagainruledEngland 1 2THEGROWTHOFFEUDALISM 1 2 1TheNormanConquest EnglandwasruledbytheDanishkingsuntil1042whenHardecanutediedwithoutasonandEthelred ssonEdwardbecameking EdwardtheConfessorruledfor24yearsanddiedinJanuary1066 Harold EarlofWessex claimedtobekingWilliam DukeofNormandyandtheKingofNorwayinsistedthatEdwardhadpromisedthecrowntohimandthatHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland InSept DukeWilliamlandedontheSussexcoast TheBattleofHastingsonOct 14Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated OnChristmasDay1066DukeWilliamknowninhistoryasWilliamtheConquerorwascrownedinWestminsterAbby TheNormanConquestincreasedtheprocessoffeudalismWilliamtheConquerorestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland TheNormanlordsreceivedthegrantoflandfromthekingaftertheconquest andinturntheywereboundtoregardthekingastheirfeudalsuperior topayhimcertainduesandtodotheirmilitaryserviceforhimifnecessary Williamtheconquerorrequirednotonlyhisvassalsbutalsothevassalsofhisvassalstotakeanoaththattheywouldbefaithfultohimagainstallothermen Thispledgeboundthevassalsdirectlytothekingevenagainsttheirimmediatefeudallords AfterWilliamconfiscatedthelandfromtheAnglo Saxonnobility heownedoneseventhofthecultivatedlandandalltheforests Sothelanddirectlyunderhimwaslargerthanthatofanyofhislords AndinsteadofgivingeachofhisNormanlordsonelargepieceofland hegavethemseveralpiecesindifferentpartsofthecountry TheDomesday Doomsday Book In1086WilliamtheConquerorhadhisofficialsgothroughEnglandandmakeageneralsurveyoftheland Accordingthissurvey thetotalpopulationofEnglandwasabout2million mostofthemlivedinthecountryside Agriculturewasthemostimportantmeansofgettingaliving TheAnglo Saxonfreemenhadbeenmostlydegradedintothestatusofserfs ThesurveyisknownastheDomesday Doomsday Book WilliamretainedmostoftheoldEnglishcustomsofgovernment Hecalledthenoblesandchurchmentogethertogreatcouncils keptuptheshireandhundredcourts issuedacodeoflawsbasedonthoseofearliestkingswithafewchanges Yetheintroducedmuchthatwasnew TheNormanConquestalsobroughtaboutchangesinthechurch 1 2 2TheConsolidationofMonarchy 1087 1399 DuringtheruleofWilliam snexttwosuccessors WilliamIIandHenryI strongandcentralizedgovernmentcontinuedinafeudalizedsociety HenryPlantagenet in1154 establishedtheHouseofPlantagenet orAngevin asHenryII DuringthereignofHenryII thepowerofthecrownwasintensifiedfurther Afterthathemadeaseriesofreforms TheRoyalpowersofjusticesweregreatlyexpanded Alllandheldinfeudaltenurewasbroughtunderroyaljurisdiction Thekingenforceda commonlaw whichconsistedoftheaccumulatedcollectionofjudgementsgivenbyhighly trained learnedjustices justiceinEyre Jurywasinstituted HenryIIappointedin1162ThomasBecketArchbishopofCanterbury amanwhohadbeenhistrustedchancellorfrom1155 ButafterthatbeganthequarrelbetweenHenryandBecketwhorefusedtoagreewithHenryoverissuesconcerningthechurchandfledabroad AfterhereturnedtoEnglandandpreachedagainsttheking HenryangrilyspokethefatefulwordsthatincitedfourofhisknightstomurdertheArchbishop AlmostovernightthemartyredThomasBecketbecameasaintintheeyesofthepeople Henryrepudiatedresponsibilityforthemurderandreconciledhimselfwiththechurchattheexpenseofmanyconcessions TowardtheendofHenryII sreignthediscontentedbaronsroseinrevoltandhissonsinFrancetookuparmsagainsthim Henry aftercrushingalltherevolts diedin1189 1 2 3TheGreatCharter HenryII ssonRichardbecamekinguponHenry sdeath Shortlyafterhiscoronation hewentontheThirdCrusade RicharddiedinApril1199 andJohnsucceededtothethroneofEngland WhenRicharddiedhewasonthepointofsecuringafavorabletreatywithPhilipII theFrenchking butJohnhadquarrelswiththeFrenchKing whotookbacktheterritoriesfromhishands JohnalsohadadisputewiththePope ThedeathoftheArchbishopofCanterburywasfollowedbyadisputedelectiontotheSeeofCanterbury whichgavePopeInnocentIIIanunexpectedchancetoextendpapalinfluenceinEngland HepersuadedtheelectorstoacceptStephenLangstonasarchbishop butJohnrefusedtoaccedetothis Inordertogetthingsdoneaccordingtohiswill thePopelaunchedanInterdictanddeclaredJohnexcommunicated Nevertheless JohnheldoutuntilMay1213whenhewasfacedbyabaronialrebellionsupportedbyaFrenchinvasion HeagreedtoreceiveStephenLangston andgave1000markstothePopeeveryyear TheconcessiontothePopeandthelossoflandgaveachancetothebaronstoriseagainsthim TheyforcedJohntoacceptthedemandsofthebarons AfterthedeathofWilliamI theking spowergrewgreaterandgreater Therenaturallyroseaconflictbetweenthekingandhisvassals NowKingJohn undergreatpressure hadtograntthelistofdemandsthatthebishops thebaronsandthetownsmenhaddrawnup Johnsignedthisdocumentin1215 whichinhistorywascalledthe MagnaCarta orthe GreatCharter TheGreatChartercontained63articles threesetsofprovisions 1 thatthekingwasnottoexactextrapaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent 2 thatlawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking and 3 thatshouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromthelaw thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit bycivilwarorbyotherwise TheGreatCharterwasessentiallyafeudaldocument Itwasmadeintheinterestsofthefeudallords greatandsmall Nevertheless ithadaprogressivesignif