英语国家概况,课件(八)chapter 2(1).docx

Chpater2 British History2.1 The Founding of the Nation (I) 2.1.1 Celtic people 2.1.1Roman Britain 2.1.2 Anglo-Saxon Times 2.1.3 Danish Invasion 2.1.4 Norman Conquest 2.1.1 Roman Britain (55 BC-410)Procedures: 55 and 54 BC, Julius Caesar (凯撒) with Roman troops invaded Britain twice without the real occupation. 43 AD, Claudius I (克劳狄一世) invaded again and Britain became a Roman province(行省) until the early 5th century. Many of the native Celts were driven to the mountainous region of Scotland and Wales. 410, Roman troops withdrew to defend their own nation. Roman occupation of Britain lasted about 400 years.Influences: Roman roads are built all across Britain. Many of their army bases are now important cities. 2.1.2 Anglo-Saxon Times (5th-9th century) Angles, Saxons, Jutes-Germanic people from what is today Denmark and Northern Germany. English, the language of the Angles, replaced the old Celtic language as the dominant language of the land. Seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms七王国 Seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms(七王国)是指从 5世纪 到 9世纪 ， Kent(肯特) Sussex(苏塞克斯)、Wessex(西撒克斯)、Essex(艾塞克斯)、 East Anglia(东英吉利)、Mercia(麦西亚)、Northumbria(诺森布里亚) 七个小王国组成. Contributions: 1. Private ownership(私有制) in the village came into existence. 2.Christianity conversion:in 597,St. Augustine(圣奥古斯丁), ordered by Pope Gregory I(格列高利一世) converted Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded a church in Canterbury and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury (坎特伯雷大主教) in 601.2.1.3 Danish Invasion(8th-1042)(1) Danes (Vikings)(2) Time: 8th century(3) Coming from Denmark & Norway(4) Attacking the English coast.(5) Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝 united the 7 kingdoms in England. Edward the Confessor （英格兰国王， “忏悔者爱德华”）built Westminster Abbey (威斯敏斯特教堂)Danelaw (878) Danelaw: The term can also refer to the part of England that was ruled by Dane law. It was the price England had to pay for a century of peace with the Danes. 丹麦辖区：为抵抗丹麦人入侵采取的一种方式， 即割让一块土地给丹麦人管理。2.1.4 Norman Conquest诺曼征服 (1066)1. Reasons: Claim of the Crown.(1) Kings councils appointment of Harold of Wessex. (2) Secret promise of king Edward to Duke William of Normandy. 2. Process Time: Oct. 14, 1066 Place: Hastings (黑斯廷斯), Sussex Persons: Harold vs. William Result: a. Harold was killed. William won and was crowned as the king of England on Christmas Day, 1066. b. The Normandy began.3. Influence of Norman Conquest Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England. 2.1.6 House of Anjou / Plantagenet 安茹王朝（金雀花王朝）Henry II (1154-1189)The first king of House of AnjouBest remembered for his reformed the courts and the laws.House of Anjou Henry II grandson of Henry I (1154-1189) Richard I (the Lionheart) Eldest surviving son of Henry II (1189-1199) John (Lackland) Youngest son of Henry II (1199-1216) Henry III Eldest son of John (1216-1272) Edward I (Longshanks) Eldest son of Henry III (1272-1307) Edward II Eldest surviving son of Edward I (1307-1327) Edward III Eldest son of Edward II (1327-1377) Richard II Grand son of Edward III (1377-1399)2.1.7 Magna Carta (Great Charter)大宪章 King John (无地王约翰)Lost many land abroad including Normandy. The Great Charter was signed by King John in1215 under the press of the lords. It consists of 63 clauses. Its important being the following: (1) the king could not exact(索取) payment from the vassals(诸侯) without their content; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property unless they are convicted by a jury; (3) merchants would be allowed to move about freely; (4) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country; (5) traditional rights and privileges should be given to the towns. Significances of Great Charter: The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of British constitutionalism. The limitation of right of the king. It provides the basic principles for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States.2.1.8 Beginning of Parliament The Great Council is known to be the prototype(原型) of the current British Parliament. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 2.1.8 Beginning of Parliament Provisions of Oxford牛津条款1258 Provisions of Westminster 威斯敏斯特条款1259 In 1265, Simon de Montfort (英国国会之父)summoned the Great Council. It later developed into two “houses” of parliament. 2.1.9 Hundred Years War (1337-1453)百年战争 The Hundred Years War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne. Process: At first, the war went in Englands favor. At last, France won the war. England lost all the territories abroad except French port Calais National heroine Joan of Arc.(圣女贞德) Significances of The Hundred Years War : The Hundred Years War promoted the concept of English nationalism and the development of the textile industry because it reduced the export of English wool. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism in England.2.1.10 The Wars of Roses (1455-1485)玫瑰战争 The Wars of the Roses was a series of civil wars between 2 great noble families: the House of York (约克家族) and the House of Lancaster (兰开斯特家族). The wars lasted for 30 years. Al