2013何凯文英语翻译每天一句1-117.doc

94年翻译第一句Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary thingslike improved techniques and tool.句子主干：Science moves forward；其他成分：they say 插入语not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improvedtechniques and tool.状语；难点分析：难点在于对状语的分析，而其中较麻烦的就是对比较结构的处理：not so much.as.这个结构我们之前讲过：与其说.不如说.这样状语可以翻译为：与其说是通过：the insights of great men of genius不如说是因为：more ordinary things like improvedtechniques and tool.翻译点拨：先翻插入语：他们说，再翻主干：科学的发展/前进/进步/,但不要翻译为：往前移动；最后赋予状语中某些表达具体的中文含义：the insights of great men of genius伟人和天才的洞察力/远见/真知灼见等智慧的伟人的、天才的伟人的以上都可以接受；more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.还是先翻定语：像提高的工具和方法/技法/技术/等更为普通的东西；也可以是：更为普通的东西像提高的方法/技法/技术/和工具；through和because of 相对应因此可以翻译为：通过/源于/由于/因为/参考译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。94年真题第二句In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we callit, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.句子主干：the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and invention and use .主系表结构其他成分：In short状语a leader of the new school contends 主谓做插入语as we call it 定语做插入语of a series of instruments 定语that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.定语从句翻译点拨：对于词汇的处理：in short 简言之aswe call it 我们所谓的new school 新的学派；contend 坚持认为the reach 范围；范畴对于定语的处理：of a series of instruments 通常前置对于定语从句的处理：可以前置也可以单独成句，但是这里最好是单独成句，因为前面有了一个定语了，再倒就繁琐了；参考译文：新学派的一位领军人物坚持认为：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进，发明和使用，这些改进发明和使用在无数个方向扩展了科学的范畴。（使得科学在各个领域无所不及/使得科学涉及到了无数个方向的各个领域）根据昨天的句子造的一个句需要大家翻译一下，背一下：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life as to bring disastrous momentsto our future generations.94年的第三题；Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.主干识别：tools and technology have been ignored.其他成分：over the years 状语themselves 反身代词作同位语as a source of fundamental innovation 定语by historians and philosopher 状语翻译点拨：定语前置：作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身；词的处理：philosophers of science科学哲学家/科学思想家参考译文：多年来，作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们所忽视了。昨天的参考翻译：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life as to bring disastrous moments to our future generations.现在很多情况下，人们改变环境与其说给我们的生活带来了好处，不如说为后人带来了灾难。（moments 可以不翻译）翻译是一种再创造，在保证语义正确的情况下需要符合中文表达的习惯。94年第四句Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.主干识别：Galileos greatest glory was that （主句主干）he wasthe first person to prove that（从句主干）the planets revolve around the sun (从句主干）其他成分：to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that （定语）（turn .on. to prove(目的状语）.）rather than around the earth（我们很熟悉的rather than做状语）翻译点拨：中文到英文，如果表语较短的时候没有必要遵守英文中的主系表结构：他是第一个人，就直接翻译为：“他第一个将”就可以了。he is the one who invented the telephone.可以翻译为：他发明了电话= 他是发明电话的那个人。参考译文：伽利略最大的辉煌就是在1609年的时候，他第一个将新发明的望远镜对准了天空，去证明了行星是围绕着太阳而不是地球转动的。附上一个句子明天说答案大家试着翻译一下：Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.94年第五句：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.主干识别：Whether+主语从句depends on the issue其他成分：the Government should increase the financing of pure science at theexpense of technology or vice versa（主语从句）of which is seen as the driving force.of 短语of + which 引导的宾语句子翻译点拨：先翻译主语从句，再用代词“这”代替；词的处理：increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入the driving force 动力，驱动力量the issue of 可以不翻译：比较两种翻法：1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问题2.那一方面被看做是驱动力第二种更加符合中文的表达。政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。昨天句子的答案：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵主句：sometimes one pays most for the things定语从句省略了that:(that) one gets for nothingthat 指代前面的things做宾语完整就是：one gets the things for nothing直接翻译就是：有时候，一个人为不费任何代价而得来的东西支付了最多；转译：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵95年第一句：The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informedor incompetent users.主干识别：The target is wrong其他成分：for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informedor incompetentusers.（原因状语）for +状语从句；in attacking the tests 状语从句中的状语；critics divert attention from the fault.(状语从句的主句）that lies with ill-informedor incompetent users 定语从句修饰fault;翻译点拨：词汇的处理：divert attention from.原义是把注意力引开，反译为没有注意到；lies with在于illinformed or incompetent users 不甚了解或使用不当的使用者；初步可以翻译为：这个目标是错的，因为批评者在攻击测试的时候，没有注意到在于这个错误，这个错误在于不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。但是这个翻译明显不符合中文的表达习惯需要修改：主要是后半部分：将两个“这个错误”合并为：测试的错误在于.将“ illinformed or incompetent”翻译为动词：“不了解，不太会”那么主语就应该是原句中的“user”，缺一个对象那应该“tests”修改完成：参考译文：这个目标是错的，因为抨击测试的时候，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用者不了解也不太会恰当使用测试。95年第二句How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the informationused and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.主干识别：How +主语从句depends upon the the amount，reliability，and appropriateness and on the skill and wisdom.其他成分：of the information used 定语with which it is interpreted定语主语从句主干：the predictions will be validated by later performance.how well 状语翻译点拨：validated 证实how well 多好.但是直译过去就是会多好的被证实。中文的习惯是：多大程度被证实；with which it is interpreted定语从句前置确定最后的it的指代应该是information；信息；则可以主动变为被动：解释这些信息时的.参考译文：这些预测在多大程度上会被之后的表现所证实则依靠于所用信息的数量，可靠性和适合性，同时取决于解释这些信息时的技巧和智慧。95年第三句Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidencefrom experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.主干识别：Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both depends，therefore，upon theevidence and upon such factors.其他成分：or both = or tests and other kinds of information (both 指代前面）in a particular situation 状语therefore 状语from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰evidenceas cost and availability 定语修饰factors翻译点拨：in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下the evidence from experience 经验依据（来自经验的证据）comparative validity 相对效度concerning 与有关的availability 能否获得（有无来源）参考译文：所以在某一特定的情况下，是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用，取决于有关相对效度的经验依据，也取决于诸如经费（多少），有无来源等因素。95年第四句In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.主干识别：the tests work其他成分：most effectively 状语when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined状语从句（the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干；to be measured 定语修饰qualities）least effectively状语when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined状语从句（what is to be measured or predicated状语从句中的主语）翻译点拨：the tests work 测试有效be most precisely defined 很精确界定（most =very；the most才是最高级）measured 测量参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的素质/性质/特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时，测试的效果则最差。95年第五句For example，the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.主干识别：the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how+从句其他成分：how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.how 引导一个宾语从句，其主句为how able an underprivileged youngster might have been；还原为中文的语序为：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able;条件状语从句：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（if被省略，had提前）还原为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances.翻译点拨：compensate for 弥补gross social inequality 明显的社会不公and thus 因此tell 说明underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件不好的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下本句只要能识别出句子结构翻译就比较容易了。参考译文：测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。96年第一句Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.主干识别：这是两个句子：第一句：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.第二句：Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.主干：Others are reasonable consequences.of particular advances in science being self-accelerating定语to some extent 状语，某种程度上翻译点拨：Others = other causes ;reasonable consequences=reasonable resultsparticular advances in science科学中的特定发展；being self-accelerating的处理是难点；就结构上讲是做为定语修饰science，但是这里却不能直接前置为：正在自我加速的科学中的特定的发展的结果；我们讲过定语从句表示原因，其实定语何尝又不能表示原因呢？所以在这里可以翻译为：科学在一定程度上自我加速(（science) being self -accelerating )有了在科学上的特定发展（particular advances in scence)合并为：由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发展的.参考译文：在这些原因中，有一些是完全理性（自然）的社会需求的结果，而其他的一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发展的合理（自然）后果。96年第二句This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.主干识别：This trend began其他成分：during the Second World War 状语when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientificestablishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.（定语从句）several governments came to the conclusion.(定从主干）the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.（定从中的同位语从句）the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail（同从主干）that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment （同从中的定从）翻译点拨：这次的句子结构不难，把从句都剥离出来就简单了。scientific establishment科研机构in detail 详细1.This trend began during the Second World War这种趋势开始于二战期间2.when several governments came to the conclusion that那个时候几个政府达成一个结论。3.the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.特定的需求通常是无法详尽预见的。4. that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment（that 指代specific demands）政府想要对其科研结构所做的具体要求。参考译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。96年第三句The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possibleconsequencein the future.主干识别：The problem seems mostly effectively done其他成分：by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.（状语）not.but.前后需要对称因此related to 修饰research，所以of possible consequence in the future 则也修饰research;例句：Some satellite relay stations relay radio waves to the earth but they receive the waves not from the earth, but from otherspace.某些卫星中继站向地球转播无线电波，但它们不是从地球而是从外层太空接收无线电波。翻译点拨：这句话的关键在于将被动变为主动；The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain.原译：这会被通过支持.而最好的被解决；改译：支持.,能最好的解决这个问题；词汇处理：immediate goals当前目标a certain amount of research 某些研究mostly 通常，往往参考译文：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来往往能有效地解决这一问题。96年第四句However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.主干识别：the world is so made其他成分：that elegant systems are unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects. 结果状语从句主干in principle 状语some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词aspects翻译点拨：这句话句子结构不难主要是对词的处理：1.the world is so made直译“世界就是这样构成的”，意译“世界就是如此”。2.elegant systems elegant大纲解释为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词义与system(体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下列例子中elegant的翻译：elegant manners优雅的风度an elegant dress漂亮雅致的女服a set of books with elegant bindings一套装帧精美的书籍a life of elegant ease优裕闲适的生活an elegant style of writing优雅的文体an elegant piece of reasoning简要明确的论证an elegant wine上等好酒3.in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。例如：We agree in principle but we dislike your methods.我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。Theres no reason in principle why man shouldnt one day travel to the most distant stars.从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。4.deal with.aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决/处理问题”。注意：aspects的词义定位一定要以deal with为依据。参考译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决/处理世界上某些更加引人入胜和令人愉悦的问题的。96年第五句New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.主干识别：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future.其他成分：as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.翻译点拨：new forms of thought新的思维方式as well as=and例如：new subjects for thought新的思维对象(或内容)注意：subject在此不能理解成“学科”或“题目”，因为它与前面的form构成一对概念，所以应该翻译成“对象”或“内容”。must此处不能理解成“必须”arise产生as they have in the past这个从句省略了动词arisen, as在此是连词，意为“正如”。give rise to是个习惯表达法，意为“引起、导致”。elegance elegant的名词，在此译为“完美”。注意：“完美的标准”这样有歧义给完美以新的标准参考译文：同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。97年第一句Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.（71）Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.主干识别：it isnt其他成分：Actually，状语because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.状语从句it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rightswhich is something the world does not have翻译点拨：当翻译的句子中出现指代的时候有时需要往前找到指代的对象，并翻译出来，以语义是否通顺为标准。it指代前面的句子可以翻译为：这种说法，isnt后面省略了so或true这种说法并不对/情况并不是这样的第二个it 也是指代it:这种说法认为an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识an agreed accountof human rights 关于人权的约定的认识whichis something the world does not have.这个认识是世界上没有的。参考译文：这种说法是不对的，因为这种说法认为存在着一种被大家认同的关于人权的看法，而这种共识其实是不存在的。事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。97年第二句Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.主干识别：Some philosophers argue that其他成分：rights exist only within a social contract.宾语从句as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.定语（主语补足语）修饰rights翻译点拨：argue 认为，辩说a social contract 社会契约as part of 作为(是)的一部分entitlements 利益，权利参考译文：有些哲学家认为，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。97年第三句It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with theconsideration humans extend to other humansor with no consideration at all.主干识别：It leads the discussion to extremes冒号后的主句：it invites you to think that其他成分：at the outset 状语animals should be treated 宾语从句主干either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 宾语从句中的状语the consideration humans extend to other humans（带定语从句的名词）做with的宾语补全为：the consideration （that)humans extend to other humans翻译点拨：词的处理leads .to extremes 引向两个极端（极端就是两个啊）at the outset 从一开始invites you to think 使人们认为consideration humans extend to other humans 人对其他人的关心；参考译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样的关心，要么完全冷漠无情。97年第四句Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lieoutside the area of moral choice.主干识别：extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.其他成分：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect 状语翻译点拨：词语的处理：Arguing from the view 从观点看，持观点different from. 与不同in every relevant respect 在各相关方面extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人lie outside the area of moral choice 在道德选择的范围之外，不在道德问题范围内，与道德取舍无关翻译技巧点拨：表面上是一个句子其实是两个句子合写而成的：1. Extremistsargue from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect.2. Extremistsof this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.于是可以翻译为：极端主义者argue.and think .参考译文：这类极端主义者，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，进而认为对待动物时无须考虑道德问题。97年第五句When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather thanlaughed at.主干识别：it is not a mistake其他成分：状语：When that happens冒号引导的一个从句：it is mankinds instinct formoral reasoning in action同位语：an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.翻译点拨：When that happens, it is not a mistake指代的合并翻译：that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应直译：当这种反应发生的时候，这种反应是没有错误的。合译：这种反应是没有错的词的点拨：mankinds instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能in action 起作用rather than 而不是参考译文：这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。98年第一句However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changesin industry, and in historical development in general.主干识别：he experienced quite another kind of joy其他成分:However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it wasas yet quite impossible to envisage,状语with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quiteimpossible to envisagewhen the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.状语翻译点拨：句子翻译不难主要比较长需要理清句子结构：前半句可以切分还原为：however great the joy.he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science with the joy.it was as yet quite impossible to envisage new discoverys practical application参考译文：当在某些理论科学中有新发现的时候，他都会用极大的喜悦去欢迎它，即使我们还不可能想象这种发现的实际应用，但是无论这种喜悦有多大，当有了立即会对产业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就完全不同了98年第二句But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.主干识别：it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past.其他成分：But even more important 状语for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago 状语for + 从句what they were seeing主语从句做主语the patterns and structures 从句中的宾语that existed 15 billion years ago 宾语的定语翻译点拨：对于the farthest 的处理：增补译法：最远的景象参考译文：但