Chapter3 and 7 Morphology英语语言学 常耀信

英语语言学EnglishLinguistics 主讲杨楠济宁学院外国语系 1 Whatisword Aminimumfreeform thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself acompleteutteranceinspeechorwriting IsJanecomingtonight Possibly Hi Wonderful Aminimumfreeform thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself eg IsJanecomingtonight Possibly Hi Wonderful Agrammaticalunit sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme Morphology AnaverageEnglishnativehighschoolstudentsknowsabout60 000basicwords suchasread book languageetc Read reader reading reads readable readability reading room lip read sight readMorphologyreferstothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure 1 2Classificationofwords Variablevs InvariableWords Variablewords write writes writing wrote written cat cats Invariablewords since when seldom through etc Grammaticalvs LexicalWords Grammatical Functionwords conjunctions prepositions articles pronouns Lexical Contentwords nouns verbs adjectives adverbs Open classwords Newmemberscanbeadded egnouns verbs adjectives andadverbs Closed classwords Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded egpronouns prepositions conjunctions articles auxiliaries ItisnoteasytothinkofnewconjunctionsthathaveenteredtheEnglishlanguagerecently Withthegrowthoffeministmovement somepeoplesuggestedthatweusee asanewneutralthirdpersonsingularpronoun whichcouldbeusedasthegeneralform However they therearealreadyusedasaneutralthirdpersonsingular Anyonecanjointheclubiftheylike Everyonecandotheirbest Wordclass knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar Noun verb adjective adverb preposition pronoun conjunction interjection article etc Somenewtermsinwordclass Particle infinitiveto negativenot subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs getby lookback etc Auxiliary do haveModalverbs can will may must etc Determiner allthearticles demonstratives andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers Asmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone Determiner theiralltrouble fivetheallboys allthisboy allbothgirls Predeterminers all both half one third three quarters double twice threetimes such what exclamative Centraldeterminers the this these that those PossP we us you which what relative what interrogative a another some any no either neither each enough much more most less afew alittlePostdeterminers every many several few little one two three a dozen 2 Morphology Morphology thestudyofword formation ortheinternalstructureofwords ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents morphemes TheGrammarofWords 2 1Morphemes Amorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaninginlanguage aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingoralteringthemeaning whetheritislexicalorgrammatical Boys boy sReader read er Wordformation Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes e g 1 morphemeboy desire2 morphemeboy ish desir e ble3 morphemeboy ish ness desir e bl e ity4 morphemegentle man li ness un desir e abl e ity5 morphemeun gentle man li ness7 morphemeanti dis establish ment ari an ism allomorph Whenpeoplewishtodistinguishthesoundofamorphemefromtheentiremorpheme theymayusethetermmorph Morphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby map maps s dog dogs z watch watches iz mouse mice ai ox oxen n tooth teethsheep sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme Adog abuilding aminute anorange anhour aninterestingarticle 2 2Typesofmorphemes Freevs Boundmorphemes Freemorphemes thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves egboy girl table nation Boundmorphemes thosethatcannotoccuralone eg s ed dis un Derivationalmorphemes black en alcohol ic multi mediaInflectionalmorphemes grammaticalmarkers notic ed walk ing Root thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity egfriendasinunfriendliness Rootsmaybefree thosethatcanstandbythemselves egblack board nation al orbound thosethatcannotstandbythemselves eg ceiveinreceive perceive conceive Affix thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme Normallydividedintoprefix dis un andsuffix en ify 2 3Word formation Morphologicalrules Thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords Productivemorphologicalrules rulescanbeusedquitefreelytofromnewwords Un accept ableUn think able Inflection Nominalforms boys boy sVerbforms wants wanted wantingAdjective adverbforms smaller smallestInflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes suchasnumber person finiteness aspectandcase whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached Derivation Derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandsuffixes Incontrastwithinflections derivationscanmakethewordclassoftheoriginalwordeitherchangedorunchanged Derivation Class changing N V lengthen hospitalize discardN A friendly delightful speechlessV N worker employee inhabitantV A acceptable adorableA N rapidness rapidityA V deafen sweetenAdj Adv exactly quickly Class preserving N N nonsmoker ex wife bookletV V disobey unfastenA A grayish irrelevant Classpreserving Compounds Twoormorefreerootscombinetomakeanewword Nouncompounds daybreak playboy haircut windmillVerbcompounds brainstorm lipread babysitAdjectivecompounds gray haired insect eating dutyfreePrepositioncompounds into throughout Endocentricegself control akindofcontrolarmchair akindofchairExocentric thereisnohead sonotarelationshipof akindofsomething egscarecrow notakindofcrowbreakneck notakindofneck WrittenformsofcompoundsSolid blackboard teapot bodyguardHyphenated wedding ring wave lengthOpen coffeetable washingmachineFreevariation businessman business man businessmanwinebottle wine bottle winebottlenoone no one noone 3 Lexicalchange FormationofnewwordsPhonologicalchangeMorphosyntacticchangeSemanticchangeOrthographicchange 3 1Word formationthroughlexicalchange Invention Coinage anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose mostlyfornewthingsandobjects Kodak Coke nylon Band aid Xerox Lycra digitalcamera memorystick spyware taikonaut taikongastronaut Blending ablendisawordformedbycombingpartsofotherwords transfer resistor transistorsmoke fog smogmotorist hotel motelbreakfast lunch brunchmodulator demodulator modemdance exercise dancerciseadvertisement editorial advertorialeducation entertainment edutainmentinformation commercial infomercial Back formation newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby substracting anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword diagnose diagnosisenthuse enthusiasmlaze lazyliaise liaisonreminisce reminiscencestatistic statisticstelevise television Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases Back clippings ad vertisement chimp anzee deli catessen exam ination hippo potamus lab oratory piano forte reg ulation sFore clippings ham burger omni bus violin cello heli copter alli gator tele phone earth quakeFore and aftclippings in flu enza de tec tive Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords CEO chiefexecutiveofficeIT InformationtechnologyBBS bulletinboardsystemAIDS Aids AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeASAP assoonaspossibleCD ROM compactdiscread onlymemoryWASP whiteAnglo Saxonprotestantdink y doubleincome nokidsnilk y noincome lotsofkids Borrowing whendifferentculturescomeintocontact wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother French administration parliament public court crime judge army enemy officer peace soldier war faith religion coat costume dress fashion jewel dinner feast fry roast supper toast customer money price art college music poet prose story study Latin admit client conviction discuss equal index library medicine minorGreek catastrophe cosmos criterion idiosyncrasySpanishandPortuguese banana barbecue cafeteria cargo chocolate cigar cocaine cockroach cocoa guitar mosquito negro potato tank tobacco tomato vanilla Italian aria bandit broccoli casino concerto duet finale influenza mafia malaria paparazzi singularpaparazzo piano pizza solo soprano spaghetti studio umbrella volcanoDutch boss brandy cookie cruise deck dock dollar freight gin kit knapsack landscape luck sketch slim smuggle snap trek yacht Arabic admiral alchemy alcohol algebra alkali almanac assassin candy hazard lemon magazine safari sofa zeroIndian bungalow cashmere curry ginger jungle mango polo pyjamas orpajamas shampoo swastika thug yogaChinese chopsuey chow chowmein ginseng gung ho ketchup orcatchuporcatsup kungfu tea tofu viaJapanese typhoon Typesofloanwords Loanwords aupair encore coupd etat kungfu sputnikLoanblendcoconut coco Spanish nut English Chinatown China Chinese town English Loanshiftbridge meaningasacardgameborrowedfromItalianponte Loantranslation orcalquefreeverse Lverselibreblackhumor Frhumournoirfoundobject Frobjettrouv 3 2Phonologicalchange Lossofsound lossofthevelarfricative x whichexistedinO E lossofsoundinfastspeech eglibrary laboratoryand ninconnectedspeech egrock n roll Additionofsound L studium O F estudie Sp estudio Port estudoEnglish rascal rapscallionMetathesis changingthesequenceofsoundO E brid bird O E ox ax askAssimilation impossible immovableirregular irresponsibleillogical illegal 3 3Morphosyntacticchange Morphologicalchange thirdpersonsingularp