高级英语第一册修辞汇总.doc

Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar.1.（Onomatopoeia）: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. 拟声法它是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感。1）As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. 2）the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occassional grunts and sighs of the camels.creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing2.Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.1) the heat and glare of a big open square2）in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. 3）Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.4） It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,3. Alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc1）a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)2）a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)3）goods of every conceivable kind are sold4）as the burnished copper catches the light of innumberable lamps and braziers5) . takes you .hundreds even thousands of years6).with the dust of centuries5Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.1) a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows2) which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. 6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.1）as the burnished copper catches the light of (Para.5)2）where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay3）a fairyland of dancing flashes(metaphor and personification)4) The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you.5）the beam groan . and protestingLesson 2 Hiroshimathe “Liveliest” City in Japan1.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2). I was again crushed by the thought3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and4). when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me5) as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop6) I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactHiroshima-people of Hiroshima, especially those who suffered from the A-bomb 2.Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ). 举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）1)The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers. little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses2) There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .3. Metonymy: 换喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”. 换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”1)the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture4. Irony：反语 The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。1) congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me.2) Hiroshimathe “liveliest” city in Japan5. Climax: 层进法A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法1)No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it.6. Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。1). “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.7. Sarcasm讽刺 is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if(hyperbole)8. Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or like1)Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them9.Hyperbole: 1)where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony. 1. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others.10.Alliteration:I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. 11.Rhetorical question: Was I not at the scene of the crime? Unit 3 Ships in the Desert1.Personification1)Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand.2.Hyperbole1)the population explosion 3.Metaphor1)another ghostly image 2)these ghosts in the sky4.Metonymy1) the relationship between the two superpowers (Para. 23)2) there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America-which means we are silently thousands of songs we have ever heard .5.Metaphor1) What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky?6.Alliteration1)Acre by acre ,the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef Lesson 4 Everyday Use for your grandmama1.Ironic “Maggies brain is like an elephants”. Wangero said ,laughing .2.Simile:1) “Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”2)Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail3)the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.4) It is like an extended living room5)My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. (simile)6)She gasped like a bee had stung her.(simile)3.Metaphor:1)After I tripped over it two or three times he told me2)You didnt even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood 3)Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car ,sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him?4) showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse4.Rhetorical question1）A pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?2) Who ever knew Johnson with a quick tongue?3) Who can ever imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?4) Why dont you do a dance around the ashes5) “Why dont you take one or two of the others?” I asked. 5.Exaggeration1)I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out .(exaggeration)2)And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toeLesson 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U. S. S. R.1. Periodic sentences: Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense (悬念). The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end;圆周句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句。圆周句的安排把最重要的意思放到最后面，并且直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整。1) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.2) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)3) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russiahe is woefully mistaken.4) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the newsinvasion of Russia.2. Rhetorical question (interrogation)Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way.1)but can you doubt what our policy will be?3. parallel structure1) We will never parley We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang2) we shall fight him by land we shall fight him by sea we shall fight him in the air. 3) behind all this glare behind all this storm I see4) I see the Russian soldiers standing I see them guarding I see the ten thousand villagesI see advancing upon5) We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources. 6)Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us redouble our exertions 7)that is our policy and that is our declaration 8）The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies.9) where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. 4. Inversion A change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject a) From this nothing will turn usnothing P. 805. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force, clearness or balance to a sentence1)We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. 2)He has so long thrived and prospered. 3)We will never parley, we will never negotiate4）the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector5）From this nothing will turn us nothing. 6）That is our policy and that is our declaration6. simileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）1) plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts7. metaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1) I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. 2) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of (Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire.Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitlers assault on the other countries.3）launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind4) delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers).5) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. 6) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.7) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (8）this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.9) But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding10) The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination8. alliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如：“on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane)“写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特克兰)1) just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe.2) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.3）Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. 4）its clanking, heel clicking (Onomatopoeia& alliteration)9. PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form1）I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.10. hyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年 或 这书有一吨重 中1）If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) 2) I see the ten thousand villages 11.Antithesis(两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句)1) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.12.Assonance1)plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.2) We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources.13. Litotes (double negative) (语轻意重法,间接肯定法)A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the opposite direction.1)I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay.14. allusion典故Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.Lesson 101. Metaphor:1）No one,. that may case would snowball into. 2）.our town .had taken on a circus atmosphere.3）The street .sprouted with .4）He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.5）.champion had not scorched the infidels.6）after the preliminary sparring over legalities7）Now Darrow spran