陕西旅游地理(英文)

Chapter5TouristZoneofHistoricandCulturalSitesinShanxiandGansu content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an Xi an coveringanareaofabout9 977squarekilometers wasknownasChang aninancientChinaandisnowthecapitalcityoftheprovinceofShanxi Itadministers8districtsand5counties makingitthelargestcityinnorth westernChina ItislocatedinthesouthernpartoftheGuanzhongPlain withtheWeiheRivertoitsnorth theZhongnanMountainstoitssouthandseveralotherriverswindingacrossitssurroundingareas testifyingthehistoricalrecordof Chang anprotectedby8surroundingwaters The8watersrefertothe8surroundingriversofBahe content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an Chanhe Fenghe Zaohe Haohe Juhe JingheandWeihe whichhadservedtheirrigationoffarmlandsaroundChang an transportationwithintheregionandthenaturaldefenseworksofthecityaswellprotectingthemillennium oldancientcity Withafavorableclimate fertileland richresourcesandfascinatingscenery Xi anwasthecapitalofthelargestnumberofdynastiesandthelongestperiodinChina FromtheWesternZhouDynasty thepeakofChina sSlaverySociety totheTangDynasty thebestofChina sfeudaldynasties Xi anservedas IGeographyandHistoryofXi an China scapitalfor12dynastiesofover1 100years namely WesternZhou 1100BC 771BC Qin 221BC 206BC WesternHan 202BC 8AD Xin 8 23 theperiodofEmperorMinoftheWesternJin 265 316 EarlierZhao 304 318 EarlierQin 350 386 LaterQin 384 416 WesternWei 535 556 NorthernZhou 557 581 Sui content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an 581 618 andTang 618 907 Besides italsoservedasthecapitalduringseveralrebellingfarmers regime suchasChimei Lulin DaqibyHuangChao andDashun Xi an theancientcapitalborderingQinlingMountainsinthesouthandWeiheRiverinthenorth enjoysthestrongdefensesofTongguanintheeastandSanGuaninthewest ItislinkedtothefarnorthoftheMongolianprairiebytheroyalroad theancienthorse ridingroadbuiltintheQinDynasty about100meterswide windingthousandsofkilometersacrossfeudalChina whichservedasamajorroutefor content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an TransportingmilitaryprovisionsandsuppliestodefendagainsttheinvadingnortherntribeofHun Intheoldtimes withitscomplexwaterandroadtransportationnetworkanditscrucialanddefensivetopographicalfeatures Xi anhadalwaysbeenthetargetinmilitaryoperationsandthebirthplaceofdynastiesandemperors ThehistoryofhumanactivitiesinXi ancanbetracedbackasfarasabout800 000yearsago whichevidencedintheLantianMandiscoveredinGongwanglinginthenearbyLantianCounty About6000to7000yearsago onegroupofthecity sancestorslivedbytheChanhe content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an River easttoXi an andcreatedthesplendidprehistoricalculture whichiscalled theBanpoCulture today AfterthedynastiesofXiaandShang theGuanzhongPlainbecameaplacewheredifferentnationalitiesandpoliticalpowersgatheredandcompetedwitheachother BytheendoftheShangDynasty theZhoupeoplekeptmovingsouthwardalongtheWeiheRiverandsetupitscapital Fengjing inthecorridorwhenKingWenoftheZhouDynastycametothethrone Whenthethronewaslaterpassedontohisson KingWu thecapitalwasmoved content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an toHaojingtotheeastoftheFengheRiver ItstartedtheeraofChina seastandwestpoliticalcentersstandinggeographicallyfacingeachother Withtheshiftofpowersbetweendifferentdynasties theconfrontationvariedintermsofitspatternbutlasteduntilthelateTangDynasty Duringthislonghistoricalperiod Xi an spositionasapoliticalcenterbecamemoreandmoreprominentandreacheditsclimaxinthedynastiesofSuiandTang Besides duringthetimefromtheendoftheWarringstatesPeriod 475BC 221BC whentheHunnishtookthe content IGeographyandHistoryofXi an dominantpositionintheMongoliantableland tothedynastiesofSuiandTang themonarchsinthecentralplainwerefacingcontinuedthreatsimposedbythenorthwestminoritytribes includingtheHuns theTurks andtheTubo ancientTibet Thusrulersofthecentralplainregimeswerecontinuouslyinspiredtotakethenorthwestlands Consequently theGuanzhongPlainassumedthepositionasthenationalmilitarycenterandXi an asanaturalresult servedasthecapitalofseveraldynasties content IIHistoricSitesandGardens TheMausoleumofEmperorQinshihuangTheworld renownedMausoleumofEmperorQinshihuang thefirstEmperoroftheQinDynasty islocatedatthenorthfootoftheLishanMountain AccordingtotheRecordsoftheHistorians verysoonaftercomingtothethroneoftheKingdomofQinin246BCattheageof13 EmperorQinshihuangstartedtoplanandbuildthemausoleum Whenheunifiedthewholecountry theemperorforcedover700 000morelaborerstojoinintheconstructionwork whichlastednearly40yearsintotalandwasnotcompleteduntiltwoyearsafterhisdeathin210 content IIHistoricSitesandGardens BC TheRecordsoftheHistoriansalsowroteaboutthemausoleum sundergroundpalaceanditsfurnishings Aroyalpalacehasbeenbuiltunderground evendottedwithseatingarrangementsforhiscivilandmilitaryofficials Valuedgemsandjewelryarefoundeverywhere Permanentcandlesmadefromgiantsalamander s aman shapedfishwithfourfeetlivinginChina sEastSea fatareburning Automaticcrossbowswithhiddenarrowsareinstalledtothwart 防备 graverooters Thegraveisfilledwithmercurythatisdrivenbymechanical content IIHistoricSitesandGardens Devicesandmoveslikeanunceasingstream Itsceilingisstuddedwithimagesofthesun themoonandthemyriadofstarswhileitsfloorisfeaturedbymountainsandrivers Itisdesignedlikearealworldunderground SourcesfromhistoricalrecordshaverevealedthatEmperorErshi inhisfatherEmperorQinshihuang sfuneral hadorderedthatthosemaidensofhonorwithoutchildrenshouldbeburiedalivewiththedeceasedruler Inordertopreventthedisclosureofsecretsinbuildingthemausoleum heissuedanordertosealtheentrancetothemausoleumandburythegravebuildersaliveinside content IIHistoricSitesandGardens 2 TheMuseumofTerracottaWarriorsandHorsesTheMuseumofterracottaWarriorsandHorsesisanon sitemuseumbuiltabovethepitshostingtheterracottaarmythatwereburiedtoprotectthedeceasedruler EmperorQinshihuang thefirstemperorofQin Itwasfoundabout1500meterseastoftheemperor smausoleum Excavatorshavediscoveredthreepits arrangedintrianglefacingtheeast andover8 000reallife sizeterracottawarriorsandhorses Thewarriors withlifelikeexpression visualizedignifiedcommandersandsoldierswhile content IIHistoricSitesandGardens thehorses withcarefullycarvedshapes lookexquisiteandnatural TogethertheyrepresentthetremendouslypowerfularmyofQindynasty laidoutinvigorousandimposingbattlearray InDecember1982 twobronzechariotsandhorsesdecoratedwithcolorpaintingswereexcavatedinasitewestoftheemperor smausoleum Theyaretheearliest largest mostcomplicated andmostdelicatebronzechariotsfoundinChinaupuntiltoday contrastingfinelywiththeterracottaarmyandaddingtothetreasureofthemausoleum TheyalsopresentpracticalinformationabouttheQinDynasty shistoryanditsbronze content IIHistoricSitesandGardens castingandchariotmakingtechnologies reputedasthe championofbronzewaresinancientChina EmperorQinshihuang sMausoleumranksamongtheworld slargestimperialtombswithuniquestructureandrichestrelics ItsterracottaarmyarecomparabletotheEgyptianpyramidsandtheancientGreeksculptures worthyofthetitleof theworld seighthwonder 钟鼓楼秦始皇陵及兵马俑博物馆 CONTENTS welcometousethesepowerpointtemplates NewContentdesign 10yearsexperience welcometousethesepowerpointtemplates NewContentdesign 10yearsexperience welcomet