考研英语(学科教学)准备资料.docxVIP

1. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability2. By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.3. Linguists refer “duality” (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning4. “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present.5. function: the use of language to communicate, inclucle imformative,performative,interpersonal,phatic,recreational and metalingual.6. The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts7. Recreational function娱乐功能 The use of language for the sheer joy of using it. E.g. singing, poetry writing.8. Metalingual function元语言功能 The use of language to make statements about language itself.9. Interpersonal function人际功能 Language serves to establish and maintain social relations between people10. Emotive function感情功能 The use of language to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speaker11. Performative行事功能 Language can be used to do things, to perform action. 12. Phonetics语音学（研究speech sounds）is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.13. Phonology音位学（研究speech sounds的结构分布排序规则）studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.14. Morphology形态学（研究最小词义）studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes.15. Syntax句法学（研究组词成句的规则）refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.16. Semantics语义学examines how meaning is encoded in a language17. Pragmatics语用学is the study of meaning in context.18. Macrolinguistics宏观语言学is the study of language in all aspects,distinct from microlinguistics, which dealt solely with the formal aspect of language system.19. What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchrony study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study (diachronic).20. What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches?descriptive if it only describes and analyses the facts of language, prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior.21. What is the difference between langue and parole? Saussure(索绪尔)“Langue” refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and “parole” refers to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue.22. What is the difference between competence and performance?According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and “performance” is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.23. Articulatory phonetics发音语音学: the study of production of speechsounds24. Coarticulation协同发声: The simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two successive sounds. 同时或重叠发声两个连续音25. Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 通过震动声带发音26. Broad transcription宽式音标: The use of a simple set of symbols in phonetic transcription.用简单的symbols在音标中27. Narrow transcription窄式音标: The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail.用更具体的symbols来体现更多音标细节28. Consonant辅音: is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract(声道) at some places to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.产生通过在某处obstruct声道以阻碍空气流动29. vowel：is produced without obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.产生无obstruction因此无stopping 空气流动30. Manners of articulation发音方式: The way in which a consonant is produced by the speech organs.辅音通过发声器官产生的方式31. Places of articulation: The classification of consonants according to the different parts of the vocal organs involved in the course of production.根据发音器官的不同部位对辅音分类32. Phoneme音位: The smallest sound unit in a language which can distinguish two words区分两个词的最小音元33. Allophones音位变体: any of the different forms of a phoneme34. IPA国际音标=International Phonetic Alphabet The system of phonetic transcription developed and promoted by the International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会).35. Dis