中学名词专题讲义t(教师经典整理版)

精品文档 1 欢迎下载 名词专题讲义名词专题讲义 t t 一 名词的分类名词的分类 专有名词 指某人 某地 某机构等专有的名称 其首字母要大写 如 HongKong China Bill Clinton Red Cross 个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体 如 student book 名 普 可数名词 词 通 集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体 如 family school group people 名 词 不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物 如 cotton air tea 抽象名词 表示抽象概念 如 work happiness news 名词集个抽物质 可数 6 变 3 特殊 主谓一致看名词 集形复表要具体 名格 s of 来代表 共有各有要分清 二二 名词的复数 名词的复数 可数名词有单 复数形式 其复数的构成规则如下 1 绝大多数在词尾加绝大多数在词尾加 s s 如 book books bag bags cup cups face faces 注意 German Germans 属于绝大多数在词尾加 s 2 以以 ch sh s x och sh s x o 结尾的名词加结尾的名词加 eses 如 watch watches brush brushes hero heroes class classes 注意 以注意 以 o o 结尾加结尾加 eses 的常用名词的常用名词 Negro hero volcano potato tomato 记忆口诀 黑人 英雄 爱在 火山上吃 土豆 西红柿 下列以 o 结尾的词加 s 构成复数 piano photo radio zoo bamboo kilo 3 以辅音字母 以辅音字母 y y 结尾的名词 将结尾的名词 将 y y 改为改为 i i 再加 再加 eses 例如 baby babies family families 4 以以 f f 或或 fefe 结尾的名词 先将结尾的名词 先将 f f 或或 fefe 改为改为 v v 再加 再加 eses 构成复数形式 构成复数形式 常用名词有常用名词有 self self life life thief thief wife wife knfe knfe loaf loaf leaf leaf shelf shelf wolf wolf halfhalf 精品文档 2 欢迎下载 记忆口诀 为了自己活命 小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站 在 架子上 把狼劈成两半 注意 下列以 f 结尾的名词 是在 f 后加 s 构成复数 roof chief belief gulf 个别的两种方式都可以 如 handkerchief s handkerchieves 5 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的 要一一背记少数名词的复数形式是不规则的 要一一背记 man men woman women mouse mice foot feet tooth teeth goose geese ox oxen child children 6 单复同形单复同形 如 sheep deer fish people Chinese Japanese 7 7 复合名词 复合名词 A 含 man 或 woman 的复合名词 两部分都变为复数形式 如 two men teachers four women doctors B 将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式 如 lookers on 旁观者 editors in chief 总编辑 passers by 过路人 son in law 女婿 C 如果没有主体名词 就在词尾后加 s 如 grown ups 成年人 go betweens 中间人 8 以复数形式出现的名词 trousers 裤子 glasses 眼镜 scales 天平 savings 储蓄 findings 调查结果 doings 行为 surroundings 环境 arms 武器 fireworks 烟火 remains 残余 thanks 感谢 riches 财富 ashes 灰烬 stairs 楼梯 9 有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式 例如 take pains 下功夫 made preparations 作准备 give regards to 问候 s s 三三 名词的所有格名词的所有格 精品文档 3 欢迎下载 ofof 一 所有格 一 所有格 s s 1 名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词 其构成多在词尾加上 s 如 Tom s bike Marx s works 以 s 结尾的专有名词 在词尾后加 或 s 如 Engels Engels s works 以 s 结尾的复数名词 只在词尾加 如 students homework a workers night school 一所工人夜校 不以 s 结尾的复数名词 仍在词尾加 s 如 men s clothes 男士衣服 children s books 儿童读物 2 如果一个事物为两个人共有 只在后一个名词的词尾加 s 如果不是共 有 就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上 s 例如 Tom and Mike s room 汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom s and Mike s rooms 汤姆 迈克各自的房间 3 表示店铺或某人的家时 常在名词所有格后省去 shop house 等名词 如 the tailor s 裁缝店 the barber s 理发店 go to the doctor s 上诊所 at my uncle s 在我叔叔家 4 表示时间 距离 国家 城市等无生命的名词 可以在词尾加 s 或 来 表示 所有格 如 today s newspaper half an hour s rest two weeks work ten minutes walk China s population Shanghai s industry 二 所有格 二 所有格 ofof 1 表示无生命的名词一般用 of 短语表示所有关系 如 the students of their school the teachers of Grade 2 2 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词 数词 不定代词 常用 of 所有 格 来表示所属关系 如 He is an old friend of my father s This is a picture of Mary s 精品文档 4 欢迎下载 3 双重所有格双重所有格 1 名词 of 名词所有格 如 a friend of my father s 2 名词 of 名词性物主代词 如 some friends of mine 四四 主谓一致主谓一致 一 主谓一致的种类一 主谓一致的种类 1 语法形式上的一致 主语为单数形式 谓语动词用单数形式 主语为复数形式 谓语动词也用复数形式 如 The number of the students present is 200 Jane and Mary look alike 2 意义上一致 1 主语形式虽为单数 但意义为复数 谓语动词用复数 如 The crowd were shouting 单数形式代表复数内容的词有 people police cattle 等 2 主语形式为复数 而意义上却是单数 谓语动词用单数 如 The news was so surprising 形复意单的单词有 news 和一些以 ics 结尾的学科名称 如 physics politics economics 等 3 就近原则 即谓语动词的单 复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语 如用连词 or either or neither not not only but also 等连接的 并列主语 如果一个是单数 一个是复数 谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致 如 Either your students or Mr Wang knows this 二 主谓一致的应用 二 主谓一致的应用 1 1 名词作主语 名词作主语 1 某些集体名词 如 family team 等作主语时 如果作为一个整体看待 谓语动词用单数形式 如果就其中一个个成员而言 谓语动词用复数形式 如 His family is a happy one The whole family are watching TV 这类名词有 audience class club company crew enemy crowd government group party public team 等 名词 population 一词的使用情况类似 a group crowd of 复数名词 等短 语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数 前者强调整体 后者强调各个部分 2 某些集体名词 如 people police cattle 等 只当复数看待 谓语动 词必须用复数 如 The police are searching for the thief 3 单 复数同形的名词主语时 谓语动词应根据意义决定单 复数 精品文档 5 欢迎下载 如 A sheep is over there Some sheep are over there 4 名词所有格之后的名词被省略 这种情况一般只指商店 工厂 住宅等 作主语时 动词一般用单数 如 The doctor s is across the street My uncle s is not far from here 常见的省略名词有 the baker s the barber s the carpenter s the Zhang s 等 表示店铺的名词 一般作集体名词看待 但用作主语时 谓语动词往往用复 数 如 Richardson s have a lot of goods to sell 5 当名词词组中心词为表示度量 距离 金额 时间 书名等复数名词时 往往可以根据意义一致的原则 把这些复数名词看作一个整体 谓语用单数形式 如 Three years has passed since then 6 不定代词 each every no 所修饰的名词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语 时 谓语动词仍用单数形式 如 Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema 7 如果主语有 more than one 或 many a 构成 尽管从意义上看是复数内 容 但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式 如 More than one student has read the book Many a girl has been there 但是 more 复数名词 than one 结构之后 谓语动词一般多用复数形式 如 More members than one are against your plan 8 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时 谓语动词通常用复 数形式 例如 glasses clothes trousers shoes compasses chopsticks scissors 等 但如果主语用 a kind of a pair of a series of 等加名词 构 成时 谓语动词一般用单数形式 如 A pair of shoes was on the desk 9 this kind of book a book of this kind 这种书 其谓语动词用单 数 短语 this kind of men men of this kind these kind of men 口语 这一类人 但 this kind of men 的谓语动词用单数 men of this kind 和 these kind of men 的谓语动词用复数 all kinds of 后跟复数名词 谓语动词 用复数形式 如 This kind of men is dangerous Men of this kind are dangerous 10 复数形式的单 复数同形名词作主语时 按意义一致原则 作用单数意 义时 谓语用单数 反之 谓语用复数 这类名词有 means 方法 works 工厂 species 种类 Chinese Japanese 等 如 The This glass works was set up in 1980 这家玻璃厂建于 1980 年 The These glass works are near the railway station 当它们前面有 a such a this that 修饰时 谓语用单数 有 all such 精品文档 6 欢迎下载 these those 修饰时 谓语用复数 但 means no means the means 等词前没 有以上修饰词时 可用作单数 也可用作复数 11 如果名词词组中心词是 all most half rest 等词语 所指的复数意 义 谓语动词用复数形式 反之 用单数 如 All of my classmates like music All of the water is gone 12 在主谓倒装的句子中 谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 如 Between the two windows hangs a picture 2 2 由连接词连接的名词作主语 由连接词连接的名词作主语 1 用 and 或 both and 连接并列主语 谓语动词通常用复数形式 如 Plastics and rubber never rot Walking and riding are good exercises 但是 并列主语如果指的是同一个人 同一事物或同一概念时 谓语动词用 单数形式 这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词 如 Truth and honesty is the best policy The girl s teacher and friend is a young doctor To love and to be loved is great happiness Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit A knife and fork is on the table 2 当主语后面跟有 as well as as much as no less than along with with like rather than together with but except besides including in addition to 等引导的词组时 其谓语动词的单 复数而定 如 The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library 以 or either or neither nor not only but also 等连接的名词 代词 作主语时 谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则 如 Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room Either you or he is to go 3 3 代词作主语 代词作主语 1 名词性物主代词作主语时 既可以用作单数 也可以用作复数 这取决于 它所代替的是单数还是复数 如 Ours Our Party is a great party Your shoes are black and mine my shoes are brown 2 such the same 起指示代词作用时 应根据其所指的内容来决定单 复 数 如 Such is our plan Such are his words 3 关系代词 who that which 等在定语从句中作主语时 其谓语动词的数 应与句中先行词的数一致 如 Those who want to go please put up your hands Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun 4 疑问代词 who what which 作主语时 谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达 精品文档 7 欢迎下载 的意思决定单 复数 如 Who lives next door It is Xiao Liu Who live next door It is Zhang and Liu What produce s heat 5 不定代词 any either neither none all some more 等作主语时 有以下两种情况 单独作主语时 视其在文中的意义 动词用单数或复数形式 例如 Now all has been changed All are present either neither 单独作主语时 谓语通常用单数 但后接 of 时 若 of 的宾语为不可数名词 动词当然用单数形式 若 of 的宾 语为复数名词或代词时 动词可以是单数 也可以是复数 在正式文体中 单数 形式的动词更常用 如 Do es any of you know his address None of them has have seen the film 4 4 分数 量词作主语 分数 量词作主语 1 分数或百分数 名词 构成的短语以及由 a lot of lots of plenty of a large quantity of a heap of heaps of half of 名词 构成的短语作主 语时 其谓语动词要与短语中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致 这是因为短语中后 面的名词是中心词 而短语中前面的量词是修饰语 例如 Lots of damage was caused by fire About three fourths of the earth s surface is covered with water Three fifths of the workers here are women 和这种情况类似的还有 a number of 名词复数 但是 the number of 名 词 的中心词却是 number 试比较 A number of students have gone home The number of pages in this book is two hundred 注意 large quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词 其短语作主语时 谓语动词一般用复数 例如 Quantities of food nuts were on the table 短语 in quantity in large quantities 意为 大量 in small quantities 意为 少量 2 a great deal of a large amount of 修饰不可数名词 其短语作主语 时 谓语动词通常用单数 large amounts of 修饰不可数名词 其短语作主语时 谓语动词通常用复数 例如 A large amount of A great deal of damage was done in a very short time Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge 3 表示数量的 one and a half 后 名词要用复数形式 但是其短语作主语 时 谓语动词用单数形式 例如 One and a half bananas is left on the table 4 half of a part of 修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时 谓语动词用 单数 修饰可数名词复数时 谓语动词用复数 精品文档 8 欢迎下载 5 5 名词化的形容词作主语 名词化的形容词作主语 如果主语由 the 形容词 或过去分词 结构担任时 谓语通常用复数 这类 词有 the brave the poor the rich the blind the young the old the sick the dead the deaf and dumb the oppressed the injured the wounded the unemployed 等 但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别 则用单数 如 The blind study in special schools The departed was a well known engineer 这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时 就要与名词 man person 或表示人的 单数连和 如 an old man a rich person the a wounded soldier 6 6 从句作主语 从句作主语 1 由 what 引导的主语从句 谓语动词通常用单数 但所指的具体内容是复 数意义时 谓语动词一般用复数形式 例如 What we need is more time What we need are doctors 2 在 one of 复数名词 who that which 引导的从句结构中 关系代词 who that which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是 one 因此 从句中的动词 应该是复数形式 如 This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told 但是当 one 之前有 the only 等修饰语时 关系代词的先行词是 one 而不是 靠近它的复数名词 因此从句的动词应是单数形式 如 She was the only one of the girls who was late 考点分析考点分析 1 1 HeHe gainedgained hishis by by printingprinting of of famousfamous writerswriters A wealth A wealth workwork B wealths B wealths worksworks C weaths workC weaths work D wealthD wealth works works 析 此题答案 D 因为 wealth 是不可数名词故可排除 B C 两个选项 work 既可 作不 可数名词表 工作 意 又可作可数名词表 作品 意 常用复数形式 根据题目意 思 此处 work 应作可数名词用 于是又可排除 A 2 Many people agree that knowledge of English is a must in international trade today A a B the an C the the D the 析 knowledge 是抽象名词 一般不与不定冠词连用 但指具体 一门学问 或 一 门学问的掌握了解 可与不定冠词连用 这可称之为抽象名词具体化 类例如 a 精品文档 9 欢迎下载 strong character 坚强的性格 a bright future 光明前途 a waste of time 浪费时间 a pressure on sb 对某人的压力 have a good time 玩得痛快 He is a failure a success as a leader 他当领导不行 很出色 抽象名词不与 冠词连用是泛指一般概念 意义 如 what fun fine weather common knowledge 常识 Knowledge begins with practice foreign trade 因此 international trade 前不用冠词 由以上两点可确定答案为 A 3 Oh John you gave us A How a great surprise B How pleasant surprise C What a pleasant surprise D What pleasant surprise 析 正确答案为 C a an 形容词 抽象名词 是抽象名词具体化的常见形式 又 如 an advanced culture 一种先进文化 a great interest 极大的兴趣 do him a good kindness 帮了他一个大忙 4 She broke a while she was washing up A glass wine B wine glass C wine s glass D glass of wine 析 根据 broke 一词及四个选项 可确定空白处应选 酒杯 故可排 除 A D C 不是表达 酒杯 的正确形式 只有 B 才是正确答案 英语中用名词作 定语修饰名词的情况很多 这些作定语用的名词可表 分类意义 表时间 地点 称呼 表目的 手段 原料 来源 所属等意义 例 woman driver telephone number school education research work coffee cup English teacher air pollution 例 book store winter sleep country life college student South China 例 milk bottle steam boat goat skin stone wall gas station lunch room tooth brush 5 terrible weather we ve been having these days A What B What a C How D How a 析 这是一个感叹句 how 修饰形容词 副词或动词 what 修饰名词 weather 是不可数名词 其前不可加不定冠词 a 因此这题正确答案是 A 6 Shortly after the accident two police were sent to the spot to keep order A dozens of B dozens C dozens of D dozen 析 正确答案是 D dozen score hundred thousand million 等名词 前面有数词或 many several 等词 且表示具体数目时 这些名词一般不用复数 形式 但在下列短语中却加 S 并与 of 连用 dozens of 许多的 scores of 好几十的 hundreds of 成百的 thousands of 上千的 millions of 精品文档 10 欢迎下载 数百万的 7 I ll look into the matter as soon as possible Just have a little A wait B time C patience D rest 析 由题干第一句意 我会尽快调查那件事 可知下句是要对方不要着急 故答案应为 C 这是由情景 语境确定答案题目 8 If by any chance someone comes to see me ask them to leave a A message B letter C sentence D notice 析 答案为 A 道理同第 7 题 专题练习 1 from Beijing to London A How long way it is B What a long way is it C How long way is it D What a long way it is 2 We ve worked out the plan and now we must put it into A fact B practice C reality D deed 3 Electrcity like other forms of has greatly increased in price A pressure B force C strength D energy 4 That fellow is clever he has A brain B a brain C the brain D brains 5 Julie went to the to buy a pair of shoes A shoes store B shoe s store C shoe store D shoes store 6 Those took lots of in the Summer Palace A Germen photoes B Germen photos C Germans photos D Germans photoes 7 All possible means to save the hero A has tried B have tried C has been tried D have been tried 8 Whose car is it It s A Tom and Mary B Tom s and Mary s 精品文档 11 欢迎下载 C Tom s and Mary D Tom and Mary s 9 There are 5 in th fields A heads of cattles B heads of cattle C head of cattles D head of cattle 10 He is the very thief the police looking for A is B are C has D have 11 All but Jack here just now A is B are C was D were 12 He knows almost everything So we say he is a man of many A knowleges B presents C gifts D rewards 13 Carelessness is the usual of fire A way B excuse C cause D reason 14 The girl is quite to her mother now A a help B helps C help D helpness 15 is coming to give us a lecture A A manager and an expert B A manager and expert C Manager and expert D Manager and an expert 16 Most of the bridges over the river are made of A stone B the stone C a stone D the stones 17 If you hurt her you should apologize A feelings B feel C feels D feeling 18 I ll go and call at right after school A the doctor B the Smiths C Smith D my uncle s 19 The shop will be closed during A repairs B a repair C repair D repairing 20 The we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while A mouse B deer C dog D cow 21 My brother didn t find army life to his A like B taste C quality D favour 22 Though they hadn t met for long he recognized her A voice B noise C sound D laughter 23 Learning that they were to have a picnic the children were in 精品文档 12 欢迎下载 A the high spirit B high spirits C a high spirit D high spirit 24 After silence they began to write letters to each other A three year B a three year C three years D three years s 25 If these trousers are too big buy a smaller A copy B pair C piece D set 26 That daughter of Jack s is A a good fun B good runs C good fun D good funny 27 will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas 93 年上海高考题 A The Evenses B The Evens C The Evenses D The Evens 28 He is one of the most successful in the city A newspaper s writer B newspaper writers C nesapapers writer D newspaper writer 29 Where is your brother At A Mr Green s B Greens C the Mr Green s D the Greens 30 Are you Mr Black Yes I speak A English the English language B the English English C an Englishman on English language D an English English 答 案 1 5 D B D D C 6 10 C D D D B 11 15 D C C A B 16 20 A A D A B 21 25 B A B B B 26 30 C C B A A 精品文档 13 欢迎下载 答案 1 B 2 A 3 C stomach 胃 虽是 ch 结尾 但其发音为 k 所以加 s 不用加 es 4 C 5 A roof chief gulf belief 等词的复数形式 直接加 s 6 C 7 A 名词作定语一般不用复数 8 B 9 A 根据句意 打破的应是杯子 而不是茶 名词作定语表类别不用加 s 10 B 11 D 12 B 13 C 14 C 15 A 16 D 根据上句 此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫 17 D 18 C 19 D a stone s throw 是固定短语 意为 近在咫尺 20 B 此句中 Peter 作动名词 sailing 的所有格 本应用 Peter s 但因其在动 词后作宾语 所以可用宾格 因此 B 为正确答案 专项训练专项训练 1 There are only twelve in the hospital A woman doctors B women doctors C women doctor D woman doctor 2 Mr Smith has two both of whom are teachers in a school A brothers in law B brother in laws C brothers in laws D brothers in law 3 How many does a cow have Four A stomaches B stomach C stomachs D stomachies 4 Some visited our sc